长江流域磷及“三磷”入河通量及其对干流关键断面磷通量的贡献：模型与情景分析

河流磷含量是河流水质的一个重要指标.全球和区域尺度上河流磷的循环和含量的关系已经被广泛关注,但河流磷的来源及其对河流磷通量的贡献在空间格局上存在巨大的差异.近10年来,长江流域磷矿、磷化工和磷石膏（简称“三磷”）的陆源输入可能是河流磷的重要来源之一,但“三磷”的入河量及其对长江关键断面磷通量的贡献仍然不清楚.本研究基于流域高分辨率（100 m×100 m）的土地利用、磷的生物地球化学收支、河流strahler分级理论、河道截留的“spiraling”理论等,模拟流域陆源磷的入河量、长江关键断面磷输送通量及“三磷”入河量对长江输送磷通量的贡献份额,并将模型结果与长江关键断面连续2年（2016—2017年）的实测结果进行对比验证.结果表明,长江流域2010—2017年多年总磷入河量约为52.0×10⁷ kg,总磷入河模数为（285.19±23.38） kg·km^-2·a^-1.流域总磷入河量主要受到面源输入和“三磷”输入的控制, 其中,“三磷”入河量从9.23×10⁷ kg增加到26.57×10⁷ kg.长江流域“三磷”入河量存在显著的空间变化,金沙江下游、乌江流域、长江上游地区、岷沱江流域、汉江和长江中游等子流域“三磷”贡献了长江磷输送通量的32.8%,是长江磷的主要来源之一.模型情景分析揭示情景3、4、9减排效果显著且可以实现,建议作为当前长江水环境磷规划管理工作的首要选择.     

Significant contribution of secondary particulate matter to recurrent air pollution: Evidence from in situ observation in the most polluted city of Fen-Wei Plain of China

Particulate matter (PM) pollution in high emission regions will affect air quality, human health and climate change on both local and regional scales, and thus attract worldwide attention. In this study, a comprehensive study on PM_2.5 and its chemical composition were performed in Yuncheng (the most polluted city of Fen-Wei Plain of China) from November 28, 2020 to January 24, 2021. The average concentration of PM_2.5 was 87.8 ± 52.0 μg/m³, which were apparently lower than those observed during the same periods of past five years, attributable to the clean air action plan implemented in this region. NO₃⁻ and organic carbon (OC) were the dominant particulate components, which on average contributed 22.6% and 16.5% to PM_2.5, respectively. The fractions of NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, OC and trace metals increased while those of crustal materials and elemental carbon decreased with the degradation of PM_2.5 pollution. Six types of PM_2.5 sources were identified by the PMF model, including secondary inorganic aerosol (35.3%), coal combustion (28.7%), vehicular emission (20.7%), electroplating industry (8.6%), smelt industry (3.9%) and dust (2.8%). Locations of each identified source were pinpointed based on conditional probability function, potential source contribution function and concentration weighted trajectory, which showed that the geographical distribution of the sources of PM_2.5 roughly agreed with the areas of high emission. Overall, this study provides valuable information on atmospheric pollution and deems beneficial for policymakers to take informed action to sustainably improve air quality in highly polluted region.     

哈得油田污水循环利用技术的研究应用

针对哈得油田生产过程中存在的注水水量不够和蒸发池负荷过大的问题,哈得油田对蒸发池污水循环利用技术开展了论证和实践。通过对清洁生产技术的应用,哈得油田将外排污水回收循环利用,减少了清水用量,实现了哈得油田作业区污水零排放,为同行业开展污水循环利用提供参考和借鉴。     

不同配比土壤对平邑甜茶苗木生长和土壤微生物及土壤硝酸还原酶的影响

为探索平邑甜茶育苗质量与栽培基质理化特性的关系,通过设置不同配比的栽培基质,测定了平邑甜茶苗木生长相关指标、土壤微生物数量以及土壤硝酸还原酶活性.结果显示:(1)不同配比土壤下,微生物数量及土壤硝酸还原酶活性差异显著,其中细菌数量随植物生长先增多后减少,与植物的生长速率趋势一致;(2)壤土为主的栽培基质,土壤微生物数量和土壤硝酸还原酶活性在整个生长期均较高,平邑甜茶苗木较粗,质量较高;(3)沙土为主的栽培基质,前期根系优先发育,根冠比最大,土壤微生物数量和土壤硝酸还原酶活性在整个生长期最低.说明壤土的营养状况和物理性状更适合平邑甜茶幼苗的生长.     

激光光散射在混凝研究中的应用评述

混凝研究的理论与实践近三十年来得到长足的发展，很大的原因在于现代检测技术与手段的大力运用，激光光散射为其中得力的方法之一。本文对其基本操作原理作了简要介绍，并对测定过程中存在的若干问题作了探讨。然后就其在混凝领域中诸层次的研究现状与发展趋势进行了若干概括。本文试图阐明其应用于混凝领域的研究所具有的巨大潜力及困难与局限所在，以期将来更大的进展     

Facile synthesis of graphene-based hyper-cross-linked porous carbon composite with superior adsorption capability for chlorophenols

In this work, we proposed a green and cost-effective method to prepare a graphene-based hyper-cross-linked porous carbon composite (GN/HCPC) by one-pot carbonization of hyper-cross-linked polymer (HCP) and glucose. The composite combined the advantages of graphene (GN) and hyper-cross-linked porous carbon (HCPC), leading to high specific surface area (396.93 m²/g) and large total pore volume (0.413 cm³/g). The resulting GN/HCPC composite was applied as an adsorbent to remove 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous solutions. The influence of different solution conditions including pH, ionic strength, contact time, system temperature and concentration of humic acid was determined. The maximum adsorption capacity of GN/HCPC composite (calculated by the Langmuir model) could reach 348.43 mg/g, which represented increases of 43.6% and 13.6% over those of the as-prepared pure GN and HCPC, respectively. The Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model were found to fit well with the adsorption process. Thermodynamic experiments suggested that the adsorption proceeded spontaneously and endothermically. In addition, the GN/HCPC composite showed high adsorption performance toward other organic contaminants including tetracycline, bisphenol A and phenol. Measurement of the adsorption capability of GN/HCPC in secondary effluent revealed a slight decrease over that in pure water solution. This study demonstrated that the GN/HCPC composite can be utilized as a practical and efficient adsorbent for the removal of organic contaminants in wastewater.     

胶东半岛湖泊面积对气候变化的响应

湖泊是陆地水圈的重要组成部分,不仅参与自然界水循环,而且具有提供水源、调节洪水、维持生态环境健康等功能,研究湖泊面积的动态变化特征,探讨湖泊面积动态对气候变化的响应对水资源的合理利用及生态环境保护具有重要的现实意义。以胶东半岛为研究区,基于1985—2017年的Landsat遥感影像数据为数据源,提取了胶东半岛近33年的湖泊面积和数量信息,揭示了胶东半岛湖泊水体面积变化特征及其对气候变化的响应关系。结果显示：1985—2017年,胶东半岛湖泊面积和湖泊数量均呈波动减少趋势,分别减少100.02 km²和79个。[0.01, 0.1) km²等级的湖泊面积表现为波动增加趋势,其他等级的湖泊面积均表现为波动减少趋势,≥10 km²等级的湖泊面积下降最明显。胶东半岛湖泊面积与降水呈正相关,显著水平均在0.05以上;湖泊面积与气温呈负相关,未达显著水平。胶东半岛影响湖泊面积突变的降水量阈值为626.9 mm左右。低于626.9 mm,湖泊面积随降水量减少而急剧下降;高于626.9 mm,湖泊面积随降水量增加而稳定增长。“引黄济青”工程对大型湖泊面积变化具有重要影响,且极大地缓解了烟威地区的旱情,对胶东半岛自然生态环境和社会经济的可持续发展发挥了重要作用。     

国内外岩爆预测的研究现状与发展趋势

在讨论岩爆预测的重要性和紧迫性的基础上，从岩爆的形成机理、预测预报等方面，阐述了国内外岩爆预测的研究现状。较全面地介绍了岩爆预测的方法，对有关预测方法或技术作了评述。最后分析了岩爆预测技术的发展趋势，并对我国岩爆预测研究的工作重点提出了一些建议。     

东营污水处理厂生态塘工艺的应用

东营污水处理厂采用污水处理与利用相结合的生态塘处理工艺,主要由高效厌氧塘、曝气塘、曝气养鱼塘、养鱼塘、藕塘、芦苇塘等组成。经过应用分析以及10个月的数据统计可以看出:在东营市这样土地资源丰富的地区采用生态塘工艺处理城市污水,具有基建费用低、运行费用省、维护管理方便、处理效果比较稳定的优点。     

IPF混凝过程的定量计算模式(I):PCNM的应用

水处理过程IPF的混凝作用机理研究逐渐向半定量乃至定量化发展 .以典型IPF 颗粒物 水溶液体系的相互作用为例 ,对PCNM模式的应用从混凝剂的形态分布、投药量、pH以及其它影响因素加以研究讨论 .结果表明 ,经适当改进的PCNM能够较好地预测聚合铝的混凝特征 ,实验结果与模式预测值基本吻合 .对PCNM模式中存在的若干问题亦进行了详细讨论