聚合氯化铁-腐殖酸(PFC-HA)冷冻干燥絮体的表面微观形貌及其孔表面分形特征

采用低温急速冷冻-真空干燥技术制备了不同pH(9.0、7.0、5.0)原水在45.89mg·L-1(以Fe3 计,原水pH=9.0)或28.41mg·L-1(以Fe3 计,原水pH=7.0、5.0)投药量下混凝后形成的PFC-HA絮体的粉末样品,研究了它们的表面微观形貌和孔表面分形特征.SEM图像表明,PFC-HA絮体具有不规则的块、片状形貌,而且在原水pH=9.0或pH=7.0时形成絮体也存在簇状结构.3种样品对N2的吸附-脱附等温线上均存在滞后圈,但样品3的形状不同.它们的吸附量、BJH累积吸附孔体积与脱附平均孔径的大小顺序均为:样品3＞样品2＞样品1,即随原水pH的降低而升高,而且孔尺度分布曲线显示样品3的表面存在大孔.BET比表面积的变化趋势与它们不一致,且样品2的比样品3稍大,样品1的最小.基于分形FHH方程,采用吸附等温线和脱附等温线数据计算出样品1和样品2的孔表面分形维Ds数均在2.94左右,而样品3的均小于2.38.这些Ds值似乎不能完全表示出因孔表面粗糙性而导致的空间填充能力的大小,主要表达了3种样品的中孔甚至大孔的尺度分布引起的不规则性.本试验中采用热力学模型计算出的3个样品Ds值大都超过3,它们已经失去了维数的实际意义;但样品3因其吸附-脱附等温线上的滞后圈接近圆桶式的A类,如果缩小分形标度区间,可以得到与分形FHH方程计算出的Ds接近的值.     

微污染原水预臭氧化-强化混凝处理及其安全性

以强化混凝和臭氧氧化技术为核心建立了中试水处理设备,采用有机物表观分子量分级、树脂分级等手段表征了原水有机物及其THMFP特征;通过实验室试验和中试运行对预臭氧和强化混凝技术应用中有机物去除效果、消毒副产物THM的产生和消除进行了研究;研究了臭氧应用中可能形成的相关副产物甲醛、溴酸盐等对饮用水安全性影响的问题.结果表明:预臭氧-强化混凝处理效果较好,采用适当浓度的臭氧(如1.0mg·L-1)进行预氧化,可以有效提高有机物去除率,从常规混凝滤后水的33.7%提高到48%,有机物浓度降到1.385mg·L-1;THMFP总体去除效果从常规处理的131μg·L-1降至53μg·L-1;未出现甲醛、溴酸盐超标的问题,对余铝没有显著影响,安全性较高;但是,AOC含量比常规混凝和强化常规混凝升高,可能增进微生物的繁殖和对管网等的腐蚀,需要进一步控制.     

Effects of operational factors on soluble microbial products in a carrier anaerobic ba ed reactor treating dilute wastewater

The effects of feed strength, hydraulic residence time （HRT）, and operational temperatures on soluble microbial product （SMP） production were investigated, to gain insights into the production mechanism. A carrier anaerobic baffled reactor （CABR） treating dilute wastewater was operated under a wide range of operational conditions, namely, feed strengths of 300-600 mg/L, HRTs of 9- 18 h, and temperatures of 10-28℃. Generally, SMP production increased with increasing feed strength and decreasing temperature. At high temperature （28℃）, SMP production increased with decreasing HRT. As the temperature was decreased to 18 and 10℃, the SMP production was at its peak for 12 h HRT. Therefore, temperature could be an important determinant of SMP production along with HRT. A higher SMP to soluble chemical oxygen demand （SCOD） ratio was found at high temperature and long HRT because of complete volatile fatty acid degradation. SMP accounted for 50%-75% of the SCOD in the last chamber of the CABR. As a secondary metabolite, some SMP could be consumed at lower feed strength.     

Effects of alkalinity on interaction between EPS and hydroxy-aluminum with different speciation in wastewater sludge conditioning with aluminum based inorganic polymer flocculant

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) form a stable gel-like structure to combine with water molecules through steric hindrance, making the mechanical dewatering of wastewater sludge considerably difficult. Coagulation/flocculation has been widely applied in improving the sludge dewatering performance, while sludge properties (organic fraction and solution chemistry conditions) are highly changeable and have important effects on sludge flocculation process. In this work, the alkalinity effects on sludge conditioning with hydroxy-aluminum were comprehensively investigated, and the interaction mechanisms between EPS and hydroxy-aluminum with different speciation were unraveled. The results showed that the effectiveness of hydroxy-aluminum conditioning gradually deteriorated with increase in alkalinity. Meanwhile, the polymeric hydroxy-aluminum (Al₁₃) and highly polymerized hydroxy-aluminum (Al₃₀) were hydrolysed and converted into amorphous aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)₃), which changed the flocculation mechanism from charge neutralization and complexing adsorption to hydrogen bond interaction. Additionally, both Al₁₃ and Al₃₀ showed higher binding capacity for proteins and polysaccharides in EPS than monomeric aluminum and Al(OH)₃. Al₁₃ and Al₃₀ coagulation changed the secondary structure of proteins in EPS, which caused a gelation reaction to increase molecular hydrophobicity of proteins and consequently sludge dewaterability. This study provided a guidance for optimizing the hydroxy-aluminum flocculation conditioning of sludge with high solution alkalinity.     

Optimizing food waste hydrothermal parameters to reduce Maillard reaction and increase volatile fatty acid production

The occurrence of the Maillard reaction and melanoidins formation during the hydrothermal treatment of food waste can reduce the yield of volatile fatty acids (VFA); however, few studies have investigated the adverse effects of the Maillard reaction. This study identified the impact of hydrothermal treatment parameters on hydrolysis and melanoidins formation and optimized the hydrothermal treatment conditions to enhance VFA production by minimizing the impact of the Maillard reaction. A response surface methodology was employed to optimize the hydrothermal treatment parameters and VFA production was evaluated. Results showed that temperature, reaction time, and pH were significant interacting factors with respect to hydrolysis and melanoidins formation while the C/N ratio and moisture content of food waste had little impact. The optimal conditions for hydrothermal treatment (temperature of 132 °C, reaction time of 27 min, and a pH of 5.6) enhanced VFA production by 22.1%. Under optimal hydrothermal treatment conditions, a higher initial C/N ratio further increased VFA production.     

哈得油田污水循环利用技术的研究应用

针对哈得油田生产过程中存在的注水水量不够和蒸发池负荷过大的问题,哈得油田对蒸发池污水循环利用技术开展了论证和实践。通过对清洁生产技术的应用,哈得油田将外排污水回收循环利用,减少了清水用量,实现了哈得油田作业区污水零排放,为同行业开展污水循环利用提供参考和借鉴。     

基于热减量法2/1樟发射药安全贮存寿命预估

目的 预估2/1樟发射药的安全贮存寿命,建立一种基于加速热减量试验,利用热减量曲线和贝瑟洛特(Berthelot)方程预估其安全贮存寿命的方法。方法 首先对2/1樟发射药分别进行85、95、105、115 ℃下的加速热减量试验,获得样品在各个温度下不同加速时间的热减量数据。然后基于热减量曲线,得到2/1樟发射药在各个温度下的延滞期。最后利用各个温度下的半延滞期,根据Berthelot方程拟合得到2/1樟发射药安全贮存寿命预估模型。结果 根据其安全贮存寿命预估模型计算得到2/1樟发射药在30 ℃下的安全贮存寿命约为50.9 a。结论 预测结果与文献值接近,且试验时间比文献减少了近1/2,验证了该方法的有效性,可为2/1樟发射药或其他发射药的安全贮存寿命预估提供一种可行的技术途径。     

聚合氯化铁-腐殖酸(PFC-HA)絮体的粒度和分形维数的动态变化

通过采集PFC-HA絮体的单个样品和拍摄它们的二维图像,研究了在不同混凝条件下絮体的粒度和分形维数的变化.结果表明,原水pH的下降滞后了PFC-HA絮体的出现.原水pH≥7.0时,随着投药量的增加,PFC-HA絮体的分形维数D2(lgA-lgdL)和D3(lgV1-lgdL)随之降低,表明絮体的结构越来越疏松;而原水pH=5.0时,PFC-HA絮体的分形维数存在波动.在PFC的最佳投药量时,水力条件的优化可以提高HA的去除效果,但随着原水pH的下降,HA去除效果的提高程度也随之减小.在最佳水力条件下,PFC-HA絮体的粒度为数百微米,其分形维数值较大,表明絮体的结构较为密实.此外,PFC-HA絮体的粒度分布具有(类)分形特征,最佳水力条件下正的D.值表明絮体的粒度分布趋向平稳.在整个混凝搅拌过程中,PFC-HA絮体的分形维数的变化是与混凝的溶液化学条件、搅拌时间和分形维数类型有关,其D2具有先上升后下降的趋势,这一过程中絮体结构先趋向密实,然后趋向疏松.而且慢速搅拌过程中絮体的尺度也是先增加后下降.     

絮体性状实时图像检测系统的开发与应用

概述了水处理絮体性状(包括絮体粒度、分形维数及表观强度)在线图像检测系统的开发,结合实验室条件下的混凝实验考查了该实时图像检测系统的应用情况.结果表明,利用该图像检测系统获取的数据符合一般混凝实验的结果,且对混凝慢速搅拌时间、原水浊度及混凝剂投加量有不同程度的敏感性.在进一步研究的基础上,该图像检测系统可在水处理混凝过程的自动控制中加以应用.     

磷(P)在天然沉积物-水界面上的吸附

考虑到已吸附在沉积物上的那部分可交换态P,从经典的Langmuir吸附等温线模型出发,推导出适合描述P在已有P污染的沉积物上吸附定量数学模型,并用此模型对P在6个太湖沉积物样品上吸附实验数据进行了拟合．拟合结果得到最大吸附容量(Γmax),Langmuir吸附平衡常数(k)．利用所得的拟合参数通过公式计算方法得到原有易交换态P(NAP),临界磷平衡浓度(Cmp),以及固-液分配系数Kp值．最后通过线性回归数据分析方法发现分配系数Kp,吸附容量Γmax都与沉积物中活性态Fe和Al含量呈良好的线性关系,表明太湖沉积物中活性Fe和Al是对P持留的主要作用．