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41.
The case described in this article regards 4.7 km of beach in Ferring, situated approx. 5 km south to the mouth of the Limfjord
strait on the west coast of Denmark. In 2005, this section of the beach was nourished with 721,000 m3 of material in order to protect backshore properties, natural heritages and the recreational value of the beach. After the
nourishment, the beach was monitored by levelling profiles on four dates to monitor and track the evolution of the nourished
material. Furthermore, laboratory tests involving different gradations of nourishment material are shown which indicate solutions
to different kinds of coastal protection strategies, estimate the time in between two nourishments and evaluate the cost of
maintaining a beach with a high recreational value for the public. 相似文献
42.
Kirkfeldt Trine Skovgaard Hansen Anne Merrild Olesen Pernille Mortensen Lucia Hristova Kameliya Welsch Alexander 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(3):725-737
Regional Environmental Change - The Arctic Region is characterised by vulnerable ecosystems and residing indigenous people, dependent on nature for subsistence fishing and hunting. The Arctic also... 相似文献
43.
Plants control the seasonal dynamics of microbial N cycling in a beech forest soil by belowground C allocation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kaiser C Fuchslueger L Koranda M Gorfer M Stange CF Kitzler B Rasche F Strauss J Sessitsch A Zechmeister-Boltenstern S Richter A 《Ecology》2011,92(5):1036-1051
Soil microbes in temperate forest ecosystems are able to cycle several hundreds of kilograms of N per hectare per year and are therefore of paramount importance for N retention. Belowground C allocation by trees is an important driver of seasonal microbial dynamics and may thus directly affect N transformation processes over the course of the year. Our study aimed at unraveling plant controls on soil N cycling in a temperate beech forest at a high temporal resolution over a time period of two years, by investigating the effects of tree girdling on microbial N turnover. In both years of the experiment, we discovered (1) a summer N mineralization phase (between July and August) and (2) a winter N immobilization phase (November-February). The summer mineralization phase was characterized by a high N mineralization activity, low microbial N uptake, and a subsequent high N availability in the soil. During the autumn/winter N immobilization phase, gross N mineralization rates were low, and microbial N uptake exceeded microbial N mineralization, which led to high levels of N in the microbial biomass and low N availability in the soil. The observed immobilization phase during the winter may play a crucial role for ecosystem functioning, since it could protect dissolved N that is produced by autumn litter degradation from being lost from the ecosystem during the phase when plants are mostly inactive. The difference between microbial biomass N levels in winter and spring equals 38 kg N/ha and may thus account for almost one-third of the annual plant N demand. Tree girdling strongly affected annual N cycling: the winter N immobilization phase disappeared in girdled plots (microbial N uptake and microbial biomass N were significantly reduced, while the amount of available N in the soil solution was enhanced). This was correlated to a reduced fungal abundance in autumn in girdled plots. By releasing recently fixed photosynthates to the soil, plants may thus actively control the annual microbial N cycle. Tree belowground C allocation increases N accumulation in microorganisms during the winter which may ultimately feed back on plant N availability in the following growing season. 相似文献
44.
Isaac Schifter Luis D��az Rene Rodr��guez Lucia Salazar 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,173(1-4):343-360
Recently, the Mexican government launched a national program encouraging the blending of renewable fuels in engine fuel. To aid the assessment of the environmental consequences of this move, the effect of gasoline fuel additives, ethanol and methyl tert-butyl ether, on the tailpipe and the evaporative emissions of Mexico sold cars was investigated. Regulated exhaust and evaporative emissions, such as carbon monoxide, non-methane hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides, and 15 unregulated emissions were measured under various conditions on a set of 2005?C2008 model light-duty vehicles selected based on sales statistics for the Mexico City metropolitan area provided by car manufacturers. The selected car brands are also frequent in Canada, the USA, and other parts of the world. This paper provides details and results of the experiment that are essential for evaluation of changes in the emission inventory, originating in the low-blend ethanol addition in light vehicle fuel. 相似文献
45.
46.
Lucia Guidi Elena Degl’Innocenti Stefano Biricolti 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(10):3164-3171
Two bean cultivars with different sensitivity to ozone, i.e. the O3-sensitive Cannellino and the O3-tolerant Top Crop, were exposed to acute O3-stress (165 nL L−1) with the aim of evaluating physiological and biochemical traits that may confer O3-tolerance. Stomatal conductance was smaller and the ability to dissipate excess energy, via regulated and unregulated nonphotochemical quenching mechanisms was greater in Top Crop than in Cannellino. These morphological and physiological-traits allowed the O3-tolerant cultivar to compensate for the light-induced declines in ΦPSII, to preserve photosystem II from excitation-energy, and likely to prevent the generation of ROS to a superior degree than the O3-sensitive cultivar. Furthermore, the potential capacities to reducing the superoxide anion and H2O2 were significantly greater in Top Crop than in Cannellino. These findings are consistent with the early accumulation of H2O2, the almost complete disruption of cell structure, and irreversible damages to the photosynthetic apparatus observed in the O3-sensitive cultivar. 相似文献
47.
Lucia De Stefano Javier de Pedraza Gilsanz Fermín Villarroya Gil 《Environmental management》2010,45(6):1363-1377
Periodic assessment of progress toward established policy goals is crucial to understanding whether the applied efforts are
effective. In Europe, the Water Framework Directive (WFD) adopted in year 2000 set ambitious environmental objectives to be
achieved by the end of 2015 through the implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) principles. While at
this stage it is premature to measure the impact of this Directive in terms of environmental outcomes, it is nonetheless important
to develop indicators in order to monitor whether water management practices throughout Europe are aligning towards IWRM.
This article presents the methodological development of the Water and Wetland Index, a comparative water policy assessment
by environmental NGOs that was carried out in 2002–2003, and highlights the interest of repeating it in 2015, when the first
WFD planning cycle will be completed. 相似文献
48.
Grosso M Biganzoli L Rigamonti L Cernuschi S Giugliano M Poluzzi V Biancolini V 《Chemosphere》2012,86(3):293-299
The behaviour of waste incineration plants with respect to organic toxic trace contaminants such as PCDDs, PCDFs and, to a minor extent, PCBs, is still a matter of concern for the public opinion and the decision makers. It is therefore very important, first, to evaluate the release of these organic toxic trace contaminants in the environment during waste incineration, not only through the stack gas emission but also with the solid and liquid residues, and then to compare the total release with the input through the treated waste in order to assess the plant behaviour as a “sink” rather than a “source” of organic toxic trace contaminants. The experimental investigation carried out on an Italian full scale incineration plant has shown a total 17 PCDD/Fs and 12 dioxin-like PCBs release of 5.5-27 μg WHO-TEQ per tonne of treated waste and an input flux of 1.6-44 μg WHO-TEQ per tonne of waste, with the difference between the input and the output fluxes rather small and the plant behaviour toward organic trace toxic contaminants in average neutral. Results are compared with similar evaluations conducted in the last decade on a number of waste-to-energy (WTE) plants operating in Italy. 相似文献
49.
In previous studies, boron compounds were considered to be of comparatively low toxicity in the aquatic environment, with predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) values ranging around 1 mg B/L (expressed as boron equivalent). In the present study, we describe an evaluation of toxicity data for boron available for the aquatic environment by different methods.For substances with rich datasets, it is often possible to perform a species sensitivity distribution (SSD). The typical outcome of an SSD is the Hazardous Concentration 5% (HC5), the concentration at which 95% of all species are protected with a probability of 95%. The data set currently available on the toxic effects of boron compounds to aquatic organisms is comprehensive, but a careful evaluation of these data revealed that chronic data for aquatic insects and plants are missing. In the present study both the standard assessment factor approach as well as the SSD approach were applied. The standard approach led to a PNEC of 0.18 mg B/L (equivalent to 1.03 mg boric acid/L), while the SSD approach resulted in a PNEC of 0.34 mg B/L (equivalent to 1.94 mg boric acid/L). These evaluations indicate that boron compounds could be hazardous to aquatic organisms at concentrations close to the natural environmental background in some European regions. This suggests a possible high sensitivity of some ecosystems for anthropogenic input of boron compounds. Another concern is that the anthropogenic input of boron could lead to toxic effects in organisms adapted to low boron concentration. 相似文献
50.
Patrícia Moraes Sinohara Souza Ana Rita Morales Maria Aparecida Marin-Morales Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2013,21(3):738-759
The concern related to solid waste increases efforts to develop products based on biodegradable materials. At present, PLA has one of the highest potentials among biopolyesters, particularly for packaging. However, its application is limited in some fields. In order to optimize PLA properties, organo-modified montmorilonites have been extensively used to obtain nanocomposites. Although PLA nanocomposites studies are widely reported in the literature, there is still few information about the influence of organoclays on de biodegradation process, which is a relevant information, since one of the main purposals related to the final disposal of biopolymers as PLA is composting. Besides, in the last years some research has been conducted in order to evaluate the potential toxicity of montmorilonite, unmodified or organo-modified. Since the use of montmorilonite is expanding in different applications, human exposure and risk assessment are important issues to be investigated. In this context, this review intends to compile available information related to common organoclays used for PLA nanocomposites, its properties, biodegradation analysis and potential toxicity evaluation of nanocomposites, focused on montmorilonite as filler. Two issues of relevance were pointed out. The first is food safety and quality, and the second consideration is the environmental effect. 相似文献