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51.
Predictors of motor vehicle collision injuries among a nationally representative sample of Canadians
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine predictors of subsequent motor vehicle collision injuries, with a particular focus on health-related variables, using the longitudinal dataset from the Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS) for the years 1994-2002. METHODS: Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relations between motor vehicle collision injury and four risk factors: binge drinking, health status, distress, and medication use. Age and sex were included as control variables. The total sample size was 14,529. RESULTS: A higher percentage of females and younger persons reported a motor vehicle collision injury. Binge drinkers, respondents with poor health, respondents with distress, and respondents reported using two or more medications reported a higher percentage of subsequent injuries. Logistic regression analysis found that persons with poorer health status and persons who used more medications had higher odds of motor vehicle injuries. Only one statistically significant interaction effect was found: alcohol bingeing and medication use. CONCLUSIONS: Among a nationally representative sample of Canadians, various demographic and risk factors predict subsequent injuries. Given that this number represents a considerable economic burden, this study underscores the need for continued research and countermeasures on alcohol, drugs, and driving. 相似文献
52.
Analysis of Struvite Precipitation in Real and Synthetic Liquors 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
J.D. Doyle R. Philp J. Churchley S.A. Parsons 《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2000,78(6):480-488
53.
Pablo P. Leal Catriona L. Hurd Sylvia G. Sander Evelyn Armstrong Michael Y. Roleda 《Chemistry and Ecology》2016,32(8):786-800
The production of accurate and reliable data on copper ecotoxicology of marine algae depends on the use of trace metal clean techniques during experimentation. We reviewed the methodologies used in the literature on copper ecotoxicology of marine macro- and microalgae, specifically the use of trace metal clean procedures such as the labware used (glassware vs. plasticware), methods of cleaning the labware (acid soaking and ultrapure water rinsing), stock solution preparation (copper source and acidification), and measurement and reporting of dissolved copper concentrations. In terms of taxonomic classification, the most studied algal groups were the Phyla Ochrophyta, Bacillariophyta, Rhodophyta, and Chlorophyta. In terms of methodology, ~50% of the articles did not specify the labware, ~25% used glassware, and ~25% plasticware; ~30% of the studies specified cleaning protocols for labware to remove trace metal impurities; the copper form used to prepare the stock solutions was specified in ~80% of studies but acidification to stabilise the dissolved copper was performed in only ~20%; and the dissolved copper concentration was measured in only ~40% of studies. We discuss the importance of following trace metal clean techniques for the comparison and interpretation of data obtained on copper ecotoxicology in algae. 相似文献
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This study developed an objective quantitative method for detecting small-scale temporal or spatial differences in gametogenesis
in echinoderms. The method was applied to conventional monthly samples of the planktotrophic brittle star, Ophiopholis aculeata, collected at a single site in Newfoundland (eastern Canada) at 10–15 m depth. The samples were analysed to determine gonad
index, oocyte size and gonadal stage using histology. The maturity stage index (MSI) was developed to integrate a measure
of brittle star size (disc diameter), oocyte size and oocyte density. The MSIs ranged from 0 to 800 and had significantly
different means among the four gametogenic stages (early growth, growth, mature and spent). The MSI was more sensitive in
revealing significant differences between consecutive stages than any of its individual constituents. The MSI was also applied
to gametogenic data from the lecithotrophic holothuroid, Mesothuria lactea, again revealing significant differences between successive oogenic stages. This method is expected to be useful in field
and experimental studies of gametogenesis in echinoderms (and possibly other taxa), where it is important to detect not just
the timing of annual peaks in reproduction but small differences in reproductive status among individuals or populations (e.g.
from different habitats or feeding regimes). 相似文献
56.
Chemical ecology provides unique perspectives for managing plant/human interactions to achieve food security. Allelochemicals
function as chemical defences of crop plants, enhancing yields. While ingested allelochemicals can confer health benefits
to humans, at higher concentrations they are often toxic. The delicate balance between their positive and negative effects
in crop plants is influenced by many factors. Some of these—how environment affects optimal levels of defence, how metabolic
interactions with nutrients affect toxicity of ingested allelochemicals—are the province of chemical ecology. These biological
factors, however, interact with social factors, and neither can be studied independently. Chemical ecologists must work together
with social scientists to understand the overall system. Here, we illustrate such an integrative approach, analysing the interactions
between people and the major tropical crop manioc, which contains cyanogenic glucosides. Polymorphism for cyanogen levels
in manioc facilitates analysis of how costs and benefits of crop defences vary among social systems. We first show how people/manioc
interactions diversified in this crop’s Amazonian homeland, then turn to the remarkable cultural adaptations of African farmers
since manioc’s introduction 400 years ago. Finally, we evaluate new coevolutionary challenges in parts of Africa where people
are still unfamiliar with a potentially dangerous crop. Current environmental and social catastrophes have restricted farmers’
options, resulting in acute problems in health of humans and ecosystems. We show that high cyanogen levels confer important
agronomic advantages, but also impose costs and constraints that can only be understood when biology is coupled with analysis
of social, cultural and economic factors. Detoxifying manioc technologically requires know-how, time, water and other resources.
Detoxifying residual dietary cyanogens metabolically depends on being able to grow, or to buy, the nutrients required for
detoxification, primarily sulphur-rich proteins. Solutions that appear adaptive today may not be in the future, as changing
climate, rising atmospheric CO2 levels and decreased access to fertilizers affect productivity of crops and the nutrient and allelochemical composition of
the foods they are used to produce. 相似文献
57.
John Cosgrove Frank Doyle John Littlewood Paul Wilgeroth 《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2017,10(4-5):233-240
AbstractEnergy management in small to medium enterprises (SMEs) remains undeveloped due to competing priorities and a lack of specialist knowledge. However considerable savings can be demonstrated where companies take the time to investigate their energy use. Savings of over 20% can be achieved through changes to operational and behavioural practice. Additional benefits, such as improved production tracking and improved maintenance, can been seen which add to the value in undertaking an energy monitoring and targeting (M&T) plan. The method described involves the application of a series of ‘virtuous’ cycles of engagement and energy savings that can be applied from the highest factory level right down to a specific machine. The analysis of overall energy use from utility bills and the visualisation of typical machine power profiles aid in understanding the drivers of energy consumption and in engaging management in energy efficiency. The monitoring of specific machines in production highlights the significant consumption of electricity during non-productive times. The development of energy performance indicators is described for product variations which can be useful in tendering for business and selecting optimum production pathways. The approach is illustrated with data from a case study of a precision engineering SME based in Limerick, Ireland. 相似文献
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Contents of phenolic compounds in leaf extracts often serve as a measure of plant anti-herbivore defence. This method suffers from the multifunctionality of phenolics and from problems with their colorimetric quantification. Here we present further evidence for the pertinence of these problems. Contents of condensed tannins (CCT) were spectrophotometrically quantified in leaf extracts of 11 closely related mimosoid species, and Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars were reared on artificial diet containing these extracts. The relationship of CCT with caterpillar growth differed considerably among plant species, since both positive and negative correlations were detected. There was, however, a negative correlation of CCT with fungal spore germination, indicating a role of these compounds in resistance to fungi. Detailed knowledge on the structure and biological function of defensive compounds and on the overall composition of leaves is required to estimate a plant's defensive efficacy against a particular group of enemies. 相似文献