井下作业清洁生产工艺技术应用

推行井下作业清洁生产势在必行。文章根据目前油田企业推行清洁生产中的实际情况,对井下作业各种施工中落地原油、污水和各种废液产生的原因、方式进行了分析,针对性地研制了接油漏斗、U型污水回流管、分离式汽化水放喷罐等配套新技术、新工艺。应用这些新技术、新工艺在处理井下作业施工造成的环境污染中取得了很好的效果,实现了清洁生产的目标。     

The Role of Climate and Human Influences in the Dry‐Up of the Jinci Springs,China1

Abstract: One of the largest karst springs in North China, the Jinci Springs, dried up and has remained dry since 1994. We develop a correlation analysis with time‐lag and a regression analysis with time‐lag to study the relation between spring flow and precipitation. This allows us to obtain a better understanding of karst hydrological processes by differentiating the contribution of variation in precipitation from anthropogenic impacts on the dry‐up of Jinci Springs. We divided the karstic hydrological processes into two phases: pre‐1961 and post‐1961. In the first phase (i.e., 1954‐1960) the groundwater recharge was affected by precipitation alone, and in the second phase (i.e., 1961‐1994) the groundwater recharge was influenced by both precipitation and human activities. Using precipitation and groundwater recharge data in the first phase, we set up a groundwater recharge model with time‐lags. By running the time‐lags model, we acquired the groundwater recharge likely to occur under the sole effect of precipitation in the second phase. Using a water‐balance calculation, we conclude that the groundwater recharge exhibited statistical stationarity, and the Jinci Springs dry‐up was the result of anthropogenic activities. At least three specific types of anthropogenic activities contributed to the drying‐up of Jinci Springs: (1) groundwater pumping accounts for 51%, (2) the dewatering from coal mining accounts for 33%, (3) and dam‐building 14%. The drying‐up of Jinci Springs meant that the groundwater drained from the aquifer’s fractures, and subsequently changed the structure of the karst aquifer. Although groundwater exploitation has been reduced, the flow at Jinci Springs has not reoccurred.     

Impacts of Alternative Manure Application Rates on Texas Animal Feeding Operations: A Macro Level Analysis1

Abstract: An integrated economic and environmental modeling system was developed for evaluating agro‐environmental policies and practices implemented on large scales. The modeling system, the Comprehensive Economic and Environmental Optimization Tool‐Macro Modeling System (CEEOT‐MMS), integrates the Farm‐level Economic Model (FEM) and the Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender (APEX) model, as well as national databases and clustering and aggregation algorithms. Using micro simulations of statistically derived representative farms and subsequent aggregation of farm‐level results, a wide range of agricultural best management practices can be investigated within CEEOT‐MMS. In the present study, CEEOT‐MMS was used to evaluate the economic and water quality impacts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) based manure application rates when implemented on all animal feeding operations in the State of Texas. Results of the study indicate that edge‐of‐field total P losses can be reduced by about 0.8 kg/ha/year or 14% when manure applications are calibrated to supply all of the recommended crop P requirements from manure total P sources only, when compared to manure applications at the recommended crop N agronomic rate. Corresponding economic impacts are projected to average a US$4,800 annual cost increase per farm. Results are also presented by ecological subregion, farm type, and farm size categories.     

Application of biological safety index in two Japanese watersheds using a bioassay battery

In order to integratedly evaluate the biological safety as a water quality index, an assessment method based on three toxicity tests (algae growth inhibition, daphnia immobilization and larval fish toxicity) was developed. In this study, the developed method was used to screen, evaluate and rank the biological safety of small rivers near agricultural, industrial and residential areas. Twenty-seven representative water samples were collected from the Kaname River watershed and the Hinata River watershed in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. The results indicated that (1) the biological safety of water from the Hinata River ranked much higher than those from the Suzu River and the Shibuta River due to less human activities, (2) the biological safety from outlets of paddy fields ranked much worse than those from point source discharges of toxic pollutants, (3) the use of pesticides significantly affected the water quality of nearby small rivers and ditches during the pesticide application season, (4) the effects of different kinds of pesticides could successfully be classified using one toxicity test component of the bioassay battery, and (5) there was no significant quantitative relationship between the toxicity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for the studied water samples. The toxicities of water samples in this study were in agreement with the concentrations of pesticides determined with chemical methods by other researchers, which demonstrated that the developed assessment method was reliable to screen site contaminated with organic chemicals for priority management.     

渭河上游一次致洪暴雨过程诊断分析

应用天气学原理和方法,对1996年7月26～28日甘肃东部（渭河上游）暴雨过程的天气形势和物理量场的详细分析,结果表明,这次致洪暴雨的发生与低层能量的积累、700hPa低涡切变和低空急流的形成有直接关系。     

山东省生态环境承载力评价指标体系探讨

将生态环境承载力划分为资源承载力、环境承载力、循环经济水平和经济社会支持能力四部分,结合山东省生态环境现状,根据指标体系建立的原则,选用了57项评价指标,分层次构建了山东省生态环境承载力评价指标体系.其中,资源承载力选用生物资源、水资源等5大类共10项指标;环境承载力选用地表水、近岸海域等5大类共9项指标;循环经济水平选用资源产出水平、资源消耗水平等4大类共18项指标;经济社会支持能力选用人口数量与素质水平、经济发展水平等7大类共20项指标.     

膜分离技术在印染废水分质处理与分段回用中的应用

印染废水具有水量大、种类多、色度高、成分复杂和污染严重等特点,如果将各部分废水混合后再处理,很难找到合适的解决工艺,因此应采取分质处理和分段回用的方法,膜分离技术在这方面有较强的针对性.基于近年的文献调研,综述了膜分离技术处理退浆、洗毛和染色等废水及回收聚乙烯醇(PVA)、羊毛脂、染料等资源的研究情况,主要讨论了膜材料、膜孔径以及运行工艺条件等因素对印染废水处理效果的影响.     

Formation characteristics of aerosol particles from pulverized coal pyrolysis in high-temperature environments

The formation characteristics of aerosol particles from pulverized coal pyrolysis in high temperatures are studied experimentally. By conducting a drop-tube furnace, fuel pyrolysis processes in industrial furnaces are simulated in which three different reaction temperatures of 1000, 1200, and 1400 degrees C are considered. Experimental observations indicate that when the reaction temperature is 1000 degrees C, submicron particles are produced, whereas the particle size is dominated by nanoscale for the temperature of 1400 degrees C. Thermogravimetric analysis of the aerosol particles stemming from the pyrolysis temperature of 1000 degrees C reveals that the thermal behavior of the aerosol is characterized by a three-stage reaction with increasing heating temperature: (1) a volatile-reaction stage, (2) a weak-reaction stage, and (3) a soot-reaction stage. However, with the pyrolysis temperature of 1400 degrees C, the volatile- and weak-reaction stages almost merge together and evolve into a chemical-frozen stage. The submicron particles (i.e., 1000 degrees C) are mainly composed of volatiles, tar, and soot, with the main component of the nanoscale particles (i.e., 1400 degrees C) being soot. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in the aerosols are also analyzed. It is found that the PAH content in generated aerosols decreases dramatically as the pyrolysis temperature increases.     

液氨泄漏事故树分析及风险预测

对液氨泄漏的原因进行了系统的归类,依此绘制了液氨泄漏事故树。分析得出,管理问题的基本事件结构重要度均要大于设备故障的基本事件,对各基本事件提出了相应的防范措施。最后以甘肃某化肥厂液氨储罐为例,对事故树中管道破裂致液氨泄漏产生的危害范围进行了预测。     

A novel pharmacophore model on PAEs’ estrogen and thyroid hormone activities using the TOPSIS and its application in molecule modification

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In the proposed model, the estrogen activity values and thyroid hormone activity values of PAEs molecules were normalized using the TOPSIS method by...