苏南地区连续霾及重度霾的边界层气候特征

利用无锡国家基本观测站1981~2011年地面观测资料及南京、上海和杭州3个探空站的温度廓线资料,对苏南地区连续霾和重度霾的地面形势和边界层气候特征进行了分析。结果表明：苏南地区霾日地面形势主要为均压区型、高压底部或入海高压后部型、冷锋前部型、低压倒槽型和鞍型场;根据地面形势场的变化,连续9 d以上霾分4种类型,这4种类型具有不同的边界层结构变化：Ⅰ型苏南地区受两次大陆高压系统的南压（冷空气的过境）,随后分别处于均压区中,该类型逆温层底较低,中层出现逆湿区;Ⅱ型苏南地区受大陆高压底部影响,随着冷空气的南下消退,大陆高压东移入海,苏南处于均压区中,该类型主要以等温层的形势出现,高湿区主要在底层;Ⅲ型随着长江中上游低压倒槽的发展,大陆高压入海后,苏南地区处于低压倒槽顶部,随着冷空气的南下,苏南地区先后受到均压区、高压底部影响,该类型总体逆温强度较弱,逆温层厚度较薄,低层高湿区贯穿于整个连续霾日过程;Ⅳ型主要受西太平洋暖高压、东北冷涡以及西伯利亚冷空气的共同作用,苏南地区随后处于冷锋前部,待冷空气过境后苏南又位于均压区中,该类型逆温强度较强,逆温层顶有逆湿区,逆温层高度越低,地面能见度越低,逆温层强度越强,地面能见度越低;重度霾出现的地面形势主要为均压区、冷锋前部和低压倒槽,重度霾大部分过程逆温层底在近地面,由于本地污染源的排放和外地污染源的侵入,加上逆温或等温层的存在,不利于污染物的扩散,以及底层大湿区,颗粒物的吸湿增长膨大,从而降低地面能见度,形成重度霾     

Ceramic tiles with black pigment made from stainless steel plant dust: Physical properties and long-term leaching behavior of heavy metals

Stainless steel plant dust is a hazardous by-product of the stainless steelmaking industry. It contains large amounts of Fe, Cr, and Ni, and can be potentially recycled as a raw material of inorganic black pigment in the ceramic industry to reduce environmental contamination and produce value-added products. In this paper, ceramic tiles prepared with black pigment through recycling of stainless steel plant dust were characterized in terms of physical properties, such as bulk density, water absorption, apparent porosity, and volume shrinkage ratio, as well as the long-term leaching behavior of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Zn). The results show that good physical properties of ceramic tiles can be obtained with 8% pigments addition, sample preparation pressure of 25 MPa, and sintering at 1200 ºC for 30 min. The major controlling leaching mechanism for Cr and Pb from the ceramic tiles is initial surface wash-off, while the leaching behavior of Cd, Ni, and Zn from the stabilized product is mainly controlled by matrix diffusion. The reutilization process is safe and effective to immobilize the heavy metals in the stainless steel plant dust.

Implications: Stainless steel plant dust is considered as a hazardous material, and it can be potentially recycled for black pigment preparation in the ceramic industry. This paper provides the characteristics of the ceramic tiles with black pigment through recycling stainless steel plant dust, and the long-term leaching behavior and controlling leaching mechanisms of heavy metals from the ceramic tile. The effectiveness of the treatment process is also evaluated.     

以吡啶、喹啉和吲哚为单一碳源时反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累及动力学研究

以吡啶、喹啉和吲哚为单一碳源,通过摇床实验进行反硝化过程动力学研究。实验结果表明,以吡啶和喹啉为单一碳源的反硝化过程中,NO-2-N的积累率分别达到了53.4%和16.4%;以吲哚为单一碳源的反硝化过程中,NO-2-N的积累现象不明显,最高不超过4%。以NO-3-N+0.6 NO-2-N作为反硝化电子受体,采用基于Monod方程的动态模型进行拟合,拟合曲线与实验测定值相关性良好。其次,采用基于Monod方程的微分方程组模型,也能够很好地拟合3种碳源条件下反硝化过程硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐质量浓度的变化,得到相应的动力学参数。     

耐受重金属的芘降解真菌的筛选及芘降解动力学研究

为了提高复合污染土壤修复的微生物资源的丰富度,为混合菌群修复污染土壤积累资料,利用多环芳烃-重金属双抗培养基在污染土壤中筛选得到一株对Cu和Cd有高耐受性的芘降解真菌,经分子生物学鉴定为米曲霉。探究了米曲霉对芘污染水体的降解效果及对重金属Cu和Cd的耐受程度,利用缺乏生长基质的毒性抑制动力学模型对芘单基质降解过程进行了拟合,以期为后续共代谢、固定化的研究及实际工程应用提供一定的理论支撑。结果表明:(1)米曲霉以芘为单基质代谢时,降解率为33%;(2)米曲霉对重金属Cu和Cd的耐受浓度分别为500 mg/L和50 mg/L,分别高出国家土壤重金属二级标准5倍和83倍;(3)米曲霉对单基质芘的降解符合Crridle提出的毒性抑制动力学简化模型Sc=Sc0·Tb*cX0(1-e-bt)(R2=0.9237)。芘初始浓度Sc0=80 mg/L,米曲霉投加量X0=85 mg/L时,数值拟合得到内源呼吸常数b=0.027,生物转化量Tb*c=0.2875。该米曲霉对单基质芘及重金属Cu和Cd表现出一定的降解性能及耐受性能,故可经过适当强化后作为多环芳烃-重金属污染土壤的微生物修复菌种。     

改性莴笋叶渣净化空气中甲醛

通过对莴笋叶2种处理吸附甲醛,得出简便高效的碱热烫处理,并采用二次正交旋转回归组合对其优化,得出煮沸时间25 min、水浴温度80℃、水浴时间2.5h,莴笋叶渣对甲醛吸附率可达37.05％,实测值36.4％,二者吻合.通过与活性炭、硅藻纯吸附效果比较,优化处理莴笋叶渣与硅藻纯吸附效果相当,均优于活性炭.电镜观测知优化莴笋叶渣与活性炭、硅藻纯均具粗糙、皱褶、疏松结构,傅里叶红外光谱分析出-C=C-基团在甲醛吸附中起主要作用.     

Production of anti-amoxicillin ScFv antibody and simulation studying its molecular recognition mechanism for penicillins

The molecular recognition mechanism of an antibody for its hapten is very interesting. The objective of this research was to study the intermolecular interactions of an anti-amoxicillin antibody with penicillin drugs. The single chain variable fragment (ScFv) antibody was generated from a hybridoma cell strain excreting the monoclonal antibody for amoxicillin. The recombinant ScFv antibody showed similar recognition ability for penicillins to its parental monoclonal antibody: simultaneous recognizing 11 penicillins with cross-reactivities of 18–107%. The three-dimensional structure of the ScFv antibody was simulated by using homology modeling, and its intermolecular interactions with 11 penicillins were studied by using molecular docking. Results showed that three CDRs are involved in antibody recognition; CDR L3 Arg 100, CDR H3 Tyr226, and CDR H3 Arg 228 were the key contact amino acid residues; hydrogen bonding was the main antibody–drug intermolecular force; and the core structure of penicillin drugs was the main antibody binding position. These results could explain the recognition mechanism of anti-amoxicillin antibody for amoxicillin and its analogs. This is the first study reporting the production of ScFv antibody for penicillins and stimulation studying its recognition mechanism.     

石油加工过程的环境影响后评价

我国的石油加工过程环境影响评价工作属于前期预测评价,存在一定的局限性。目前,石油加工过程的环境影响后评价工作尚处于探索发展阶段。本文主要介绍了石油加工过程及其环境影响后评价的概念,分析了石油加工过程的主要环境影响,详述了石油加工过程环境影响后评价的程序、内容及评价指标,并结合实例加以说明。最后指出,开展石油加工过程的环境影响后评价工作势在必行。     

零价铁在废水处理中应用的研究进展

简述了零价铁（ZVI）处理废水的机理。综述了ZVI、纳米零价铁 （nZVI）对焦化废水、军火厂废水、制药废水、橄榄油厂废水、染料废水、含盐类废水及含重金属废水处理的研究进展以及ZVI复合材料处理废水的研究进展。指出将ZVI与超声波、微波及Fenton法等技术联合,形成具有各自优点的新处理技术,将是今后的研究重点。     

微波焙烧法与马弗炉焙烧法处理废脱硝催化剂的效果比较

用Na_2CO_3作为助溶剂、Na_2O_2作为消解剂,采用微波焙烧法和马弗炉焙烧法消解处理废钒钨钛脱硝催化剂。通过XRF、BET、XRD和NH_3-TPD技术对两种消解方法制得的钛钨粉样品进行了表征。表征结果显示,与马弗炉焙烧法相比,微波焙烧法得到的钛钨粉纯度更高,TiO_2与WO_3含量之和大于96.7%(w),且该钛钨粉还具有更高的比表面积和酸性,可以作为钒钨钛脱硝催化剂的生产原料再利用。     

Meta-analysis of the Chinese studies of the association between ambient ozone and mortality

To investigate short-term effects of ambient ozone exposure on mortality in Chinese cities, we conducted a meta-analysis of 10 effect estimates of 5 short-term studies, which reported associations between ambient ozone and mortality in Chinese mainland cities. And we estimated pooled effects by non-accidental mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and respiratory mortality. Combined estimates and their 95%CI were tested by RevMan 5, and Funnel plots were used for the bias analysis. For a 10 μg m⁻³ increase of maximum 8-h average concentration of ozone, the percent change for non-accidental mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and respiratory mortality were 0.42 (95%CI, 0.32–0.52%), 0.44% (95%CI, 0.17–0.70%) and 0.50% (95%CI, 0.22–0.77%), respectively. Compared with pooled estimates from other meta-analyses on ambient ozone-associated mortality, our pooled estimate for non-accidental mortality was slightly higher than previous ones and pooled estimate for cardiovascular mortality was consistent with others. However, we observed significantly positive association between ambient ozone and respiratory mortality, which were generally nonsignificant in earlier studies. By combining estimates from published evidence, a small but substantial association between ambient ozone level and mortality was observed in Mainland China.