以吡啶、喹啉和吲哚为单一碳源时反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累及动力学研究

以吡啶、喹啉和吲哚为单一碳源,通过摇床实验进行反硝化过程动力学研究。实验结果表明,以吡啶和喹啉为单一碳源的反硝化过程中,NO-2-N的积累率分别达到了53.4%和16.4%;以吲哚为单一碳源的反硝化过程中,NO-2-N的积累现象不明显,最高不超过4%。以NO-3-N+0.6 NO-2-N作为反硝化电子受体,采用基于Monod方程的动态模型进行拟合,拟合曲线与实验测定值相关性良好。其次,采用基于Monod方程的微分方程组模型,也能够很好地拟合3种碳源条件下反硝化过程硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐质量浓度的变化,得到相应的动力学参数。     

预处理方法对水葫芦厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

水葫芦可作为厌氧发酵产沼气的原料。研究发现,水葫芦自身的生物特性会制约其产气潜力的发挥,而发酵前预处理有助于解决这一问题。以采自昆明滇池的新鲜水葫芦为研究对象,分别采用物理法(切分法、压榨法),化学法(酸处理法、碱处理法和金属离子处理法)和生物法(酶处理法)对其进行预处理,以预处理后的水葫芦为原料进行发酵产沼气实验。结果表明,金属离子处理的原料产气效果最佳,在中温35℃,进样浓度7.4%(TS)时,其原料TS产气率、平均甲烷浓度和原料容积产气率分别为744.55 m3/t、59.32%和0.144 m3/(m3·d),与切分处理原料相比提高了88%、13%和87%。其余处理方法也在不同程度上优化了水葫芦的产气效果。因此,以预处理的方式来提高水葫芦的生物利用率和产气效率是可行的。     

Effect of pipe materials on disinfection by-products and bacterial communities during sulfamethazine chlorination in a pilot-scale water distribution system

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Water research is usually done using simplified devices, e.g., beakers, in laboratory glassware, and thus may yield results that are not representative of real...     

PROTECTING BEIJLNG'S MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY THROUGH WATERSHED MANAGEMEN AN ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT1

ABSTRACT: Watersheds above the Miyun reservoir, a principal source of surface water for Beijing, are designated to be managed for water production, but under the principle of multiple use. Because of the scarcity of arable land, these watersheds cannot be managed only for drinking water. Efforts are under way to reduce sediment delivery, improve the quality of water entering Miyun reservoir, and improve the welfare of watershed inhabitants. An economic appraisal of a watershed management project for the 3,298‐ha Shixia watershed above the Miyun reservoir, indicates a 24 percent economic rate of return on the investment made in the project. The net present value (NPV) of the project, calculated at a discount rate of 10 percent, is approximately US$3.49 million. Sensitivity analyses indicate that a doubling of labor costs lowers the NPV to US$2.07 million and a 10 percent decrease in benefits lowered the NPV to US$2.87. It is concluded that the implementation of conservation practices on the Shixia Demonstration Watershed represent an economically efficient use of resources.     

风雪千里松花江--国家环保总局局长周生贤在松花江污染防控一线工作纪实

面对松花江水污染事件,党中央、国务院及时做出了重要部署,国家环境总局局长周生贤履新伊始,就以对党和人民高度负责的精神直接奔赴松花江污染防控最前线．于冰天雪地里辗转上千公里,现场指导这场罕见的污染防控大战役。本刊特约记者段松君跟随周局长一行,真实记录了周局长与一线环保工作者并肩战斗,共同为保障松花江两岸人民的生产生活安全艰苦奋斗的日日夜夜,刊发这篇独家报道,是想以展现防控前线将士的精神风貌,激发全国环保工作者保障国家环境安全的责任感和使命感;还想以记录审慎决策下的防控工作进展,让党和国家放心,让全国人民放心！[编者按]     

阻尼式脉动气流分选装置处理电子废弃物的基础研究

采用机械物理回收方法对电子废弃物进行资源化利用具有巨大的经济效益和社会效益。针对电子废弃物的特点,作者采用阻尼式脉动气流分选装置对电子废弃物中有价组分的分选进行了研究。研究表明,与传统气流分选装置相比,阻尼式脉动气流分选装置可获得更高的分选效率和更宽范围的操作条件。     

Application of ion chromatography to the determination of water-soluble inorganic and organic ions in atmospheric aerosols

A simple, sensitive and convenient ion chromatography(IC) method was established for the simultaneous determination of twelve water-soluble inorganic anions(F^-, Cl^-, NO2^-, NO3^-, SO3^2-, SO4^2-, PO4^3- ), and fifteen water-soluble organic ions(formate, acetate, MSA, oxalate, malonate, succinate, phthalates, etc. ) in atmospheric aerosols. The linear concentrations ranged from 0.005 μg/m^3 to 500 μg/m^3 (r = 0.999--0.9999). The relative standard deviation(RSD) were 0.43%--2.00% and the detection limits were from 2.7 ng/m^3 to 88 ng/m^3. The proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of those inorganic ions and organic ions in PM2.5 of Beijing.     

氧化铝对煤矸石提铝废渣制备水玻璃的影响

以纯石英砂或煤矸石酸浸提铝废渣为原料,采用低温(850℃)纯碱烧结法制备水玻璃,考察了杂质Al2O3含量对原料中SiO2溶出率以及产品水玻璃模数的影响,通过电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和热重分析(TGA)手段对原料和产物进行了分析和表征.结果表明,与纯石英砂为原料制备水玻璃相比,杂质Al2O3的存在降低了SiO2-Na2O体系的反应温度,但由于Al2O3会与反应体系中的SiO2和Na2O反应生成水不溶性的铝硅酸钠盐,导致实际可溶性SiO2的含量减少,降低了SiO2的溶出率和硅酸钠的模数.通过添加石英砂可控制提铝废渣中的A12O3含量低于5％,使提铝废渣中SiO2的溶出率达到90％以上,制得水玻璃模数达2.15.     

增蓝剂停留时间及对水质和浮游植物影响分析

水体遮光剂能干扰水下光照,抑制藻类生长。为了探讨水体遮光剂-增蓝剂在自然水体的作用情况,对围隔内增蓝剂的停留时间及水质、浮游藻类和沉水植物的变化特征进行分析。结果表明,当围隔水体中增蓝剂浓度为1 mg/L时,5周内其降解超过50%,9周后降解超过95%。与对照组相比,增蓝剂对围隔内总氮、总磷浓度无明显影响,易氧化成分的存在导致CODMn浓度升高至8.60 mg/L,但CODMn浓度随增蓝剂的降解逐步降至7.81 mg/L。在增蓝剂作用下水下光照度衰减明显,水深0.2 m处仅占水表面光强的21.16%,光衰减系数(k)为0.7 m-1。增蓝剂对藻类生长抑制作用明显,抑制率高达56.24%,但对金鱼藻生长无显著影响。     

我国西双版纳夜雨资源的农业气候分析

研究了西双版纳地区夜雨及雾雨的天气气候特征及时空分布规律,分析了夜雨、雾雨的形成机制及其农业气候意义。结果表明,本区降水呈夜雨与昼雨相均衡的状况,夜雨率达５４５％～５７７％,尤其是雾季和干热季可分别达７１４％、７０６％。夜雨形成多是山风环流造成的地形雨,雨强小,雨时长,因而对作物的有效性高。夜间雾雨则在作物生态环境中起着至关重要的作用,可部分缓解干旱季节作物需水的不足。因此,深入探讨夜雨和雾雨资源是制定有效防御干旱对策的重要依据。