The impact of government incentives and penalties on willingness to recycle plastic waste: An evolutionary game theory perspective

• Punishments increase the participation probability of collectors and recyclers. • Policy-sponsored incentives make collectors and recyclers to participate earlier. • Recyclers are more sensitive to government punishments than collectors. Because governments have introduced policies involving incentives and penalties to promote the recycling of plastic waste, it is important to understand the impact of such incentives and penalties on the willingness of stakeholders to participate. In this study, government is included as a player, alongside waste collectors and recyclers, in a tripartite evolutionary game model of plastic waste recycling. The study explores the evolutionary equilibrium and performs a simulation analysis to elucidate the effect of government incentives and penalties on the willingness of other players to participate in recycling. Three conclusions are drawn from this research. First, an increase in incentives or in penalties increases the probability that collectors and recyclers will participate in the recycling process. Second, policy support incentives encourage collectors and recyclers to participate in plastic waste recycling earlier than subsidy incentives do. Finally, recyclers are more sensitive than collectors to government-imposed penalties.     

活性污泥胞外聚合物提取方法优化

试验对比了不同离子交换树脂(CER)含量和pH条件下胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取效果差异。结果表明,EPS各组分提取浓度均随离子交换树脂用量增加而增加,但各组分趋势不同。TOC的最佳树脂剂量为100 g CER/g VSS,而蛋白质、多糖和DNA的最佳树脂剂量约为70 g CER/g VSS。pH值对TOC、DNA和多糖的提取浓度影响较小,但对蛋白质影响比较大。各提取条件下,EPS各组分提取浓度随时间的变化过程可以分为平稳增长期、快速增长期及稳定期。     

转炉渣诱导磷酸钙结晶法去除和回收废水中磷的研究

以转炉渣为晶种材料,利用批次结晶沉淀实验,研究不同的反应条件对诱导磷酸钙结晶法去除和回收废水中磷的影响。结果表明,最优反应条件为:pH=9.5,Ca/P摩尔比2∶1,转炉渣用量1.7 g/L,反应时间3 h,在此条件下,碳酸根对反应的影响甚小,对养猪场废水和污泥浓缩池上清液的处理,最高去除率分别达到95.36%和96.54%;转炉渣循环利用10次,回收磷的效果仍然很好。运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等测试手段对在最优工艺条件下重复使用10次的转炉渣进行了表征,证明回收的磷主要以羟基磷灰石(HAP)形态存在。     

PCR-DGGE技术解析A~2/O工艺好氧单元中微生物群落结构

应用PCR-DGGE方法,追踪了汉沽工业废水处理中好氧工艺的活性污泥系统中微生物群落结构动态变化过程及其微生物群落结构组成。研究结果表明：系统中的微生物群落结构随水质变化而变化,随着培养时间的延长,微生物群落结构趋于稳定,分别属于5大类群,与γ、δ、α、ε变形杆菌（Proteobacterias）、芽孢杆菌（Bacilli）的亲缘关系较近。其中γ变形杆菌是该废水处理过程中的主要菌群,包括Pseudomonas sp.、Rheinheimera sp.、Citrobacter sp.、Klebsiella sp.、Enterbacte-riaceae、Stenotrophomonas maltophilia、Acinetobacter。在整个系统中uncultured Pseudomonas sp.、Halobacillus sp.、Pseudomonassp.、Pseudomonas stutzeri、Acinetobacter sp.可稳定存在于系统中,为该污水处理系统中的优势微生物。因此,提高Halobacillussp.、Pseudomonas sp.、Pseudomonas stutzeri、Acinetobacter sp.菌属在系统中的数量和质量,有利于提高废水生化处理的效果。     

耐盐性毒死蜱降解混合菌的构建及其降解特性

为明确蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)混合菌株对毒死蜱的降解效果,采用正交实验的方法构建混合菌。以混合菌对毒死蜱的降解率和菌株的生长量为依据,利用单一因素实验考察了不同因素对混合菌降解毒死蜱的影响。结果表明:构建的混合菌中三菌株的体积比为1∶1∶3。在含80 mg/L毒死蜱的反应体系中,最适接菌量为8%(V/V),最适pH为7。在实验浓度下,混合菌对毒死蜱的降解符合一级动力学方程。混合菌对盐分有较高的耐受度,当反应液中氯化钠浓度在20～100 g/L之间时,混合菌对80 mg/L毒死蜱的降解率最高达61%。     

市政污泥与不同烟煤混合燃烧特性

使用非等温热重法,研究了淮北烟煤和神华烟煤在6种不同市政污泥掺混比条件下对混合燃烧特性的影响,并对混合燃烧过程的动力学特性进行了分析。实验结果表明:污泥与煤的混合燃烧特性从总体上表现为污泥与煤共同作用的结果,最优的污泥掺混比受到煤种的影响。在不同煤中污泥掺烧比少于20%对煤的活性影响较小。活化性能较差的淮北烟煤在污泥掺混比为30%时,在不同的温度区间分别表现出污泥与煤的反应特征。活化性能较好的神华烟煤在污泥掺混比为40%时表现这一趋势。     

ABR-好氧颗粒污泥处理黄连素废水的启动研究

实验研究了ABR-好氧颗粒污泥组合工艺处理黄连素制药废水的启动运行,通过分析发现,ABR装置在HRT为4 d,黄连素浓度为50 mg/L的运行方式下成功启动,反应器运行稳定后每个格室MLSS平均值分别为25 840、21 560、27 500和11 200 mg/L。以ABR出水为营养物,成功培养出粒径在2～10 mm,沉降速率为104～137 m/h,沉降性能优良的好氧颗粒污泥。该组合工艺在启动实验的末期,进水COD浓度为3 000～4 000 mg/L左右,出水COD浓度到达168.4～271mg/L,系统总的去除率保持在90%～95%之间,表明ABR-好氧颗粒污泥组合工艺能够有效地处理黄连素制药废水。     

Characteristics of penicillin bacterial residue

IMPLICATIONS: During the production of penicillin, a mass of waste bacterial residue is generated. In the past, the bacterial residues have been used for food additives. Unfortunately, doubts of their suitability as a feedstock have been raised because of the small amount of antibiotics and the degradation products remaining in the bacterial residues. So, penicillin bacterial residue is one of the hazardous wastes. Therefore, penicillin bacterial residue should be managed in accordance with the hazardous waste. To get a right method, the penicillin bacterial residue was characterized.     

醇对柴油微乳体系性能的影响

采用AOT为表面活性剂,不同碳链长度正构醇为助表面活性剂,通过稀释法制备了AOT/柴油/正构醇/水微乳体系。考察了醇与表面活性剂的质量比(r)和正构醇的碳链长度对柴油微乳体系的影响,对不同条件下制备的微乳体系的电导率(δ)、界面张力(γ)及运动粘度(μ)进行了表征。结果表明,采用正丁醇时,微乳体系会出现渗滤现象。采用其他醇时,微乳体系的最大增溶水量(W0)随碳链长度增加而减小,随r增大先增大后减小;随增溶水量(W)增加,δ增大直至达到稳定,γ减小,μ增大;随醇碳链长度增大,δ减小,γ、μ增大;随r增大,δ增大,γ、μ减小。采用正戊醇(r=0.4)时,微乳体系的W0最大,γ、μ均较小,柴油微乳液体系的性能较佳。     

Recycling of electrolytic manganese solid waste in autoclaved bricks preparation in China

China has played a dominant role in global electrolytic manganese metal (EMM) production, accounting for over 98 % of the total world capacity since 2008. However, with the rapid development of the EMM industry and depletion of mineral ores, electrolytic manganese solid waste (EMSW) is piling up, so more large-scale landfills are needed. The environmental problems generated by EMSW pose severe threats to soil and ground water, and have become the hot issues in society. The aim is to consume and recycle EMSW, and the primary route is to make autoclaved bricks. However, less attention has been given to the procedure and strength-forming mechanism of EMSW bricks, not to mention the production line of the brick. On the basis of physical and chemical property analysis, the pretreatment process of EMSW was indispensable to solidify/stabilize the heavy metals, such as Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb, etc.. This paper expatiated on the procedure of making EMSW autoclaved bricks, analyzed in detail the strength formed by different cementitious materials with cement properties, and introduced the practical engineering of EMSW autoclaved bricks. The results showed that the pretreatment process with quicklime was effective in solidifying/stabilizing the heavy metals. The compressive strength of EMSW bricks reached 10.05 MPa when quicklime 9 % (w/w) added. Cement may be an ideal cementitious material to create EMSW bricks of high strength in experiments and on the production line. Quicklime and cement used simultaneously produced a lower strength than that when adding cement alone because the gypsum from EMSW and an alkali could generate deleterious effects, e.g., expansion or burst. In the production line of EMSW bricks, an appropriate mix proportion to make high-quality autoclaved bricks was determined: EMSW 30–40 %, cement 10–20 %, and aggregates 40–60 %. The low content of heavy metals tested by toxicity leaching may deduce that the EMSW autoclaved bricks have low environmental risk. However, long-term environmental risk evaluation will be needed, requiring more tests and leaching modeling. Employing EMSW to make high-quality autoclaved bricks may be a promising waste-to-resource strategy.