Seasonal variation on size distribution and concentration of PAHs in Guangzhou city, China

Size distribution aerosol samples were collected at an urban location of Guangzhou in four seasons of 2003-2004 by a MOUDI (Micro-orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor). The particle loading (PM10: 80-397 microg m(-3)) was comparable with some other Asia cities; however, much higher than that of Western Europe and North America. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured by gas chromatography with mass selective detector (GC-MS). Seasonal effects on the size distribution of PAHs are presented. Bimode (accumulation and coarse mode) and unimode (accumulation mode) distributions were observed for low-molecule-weight and high-molecule-weight PAHs. A slight shift to larger particles was found for the accumulation mode in autumn and winter, compared with that of spring and summer. One explanation is that the longer aging process of PAHs in autumn and winter would result in volatilization from finer particles followed by condensation onto coarser particles. Another is there was mixing process of local emission with long-range transported aerosol in autumn and winter. The relative higher value of IcdP/(BghiP+IcdP) and lower value of BghiP/BeP in winter also give evidences to the mixing process. The level of PAHs concentration has been much elevated in recent years. This can be attributed to the fast growth of motor vehicle and energy consumption.     

兰州城区大气粒子态汞的污染状况

通过调查发现在市工业区，粒子态汞浓度高，冬，夏平均值为０．９１和１．００ｎｇ／ｍ＾３，最高达１．９２ｎｇ／ｍ＾３，冬夏季无显著性差异，秋季浓度低，交通频繁区和交通商业混合区冬季平均值０．４５ｎｇ／ｍ＾３，夏季０．４９ｎｇ／ｍ＾３在清洁区大部分在０．１０ｎｇ／ｍ＾３左右，最低０．０７０ｎｇ／ｍ＾３，显示夏季和城区粒子态汞浓度偏高的特征。工业区粒子态汞主要是由人为污染产生的气态汞吸附在同一污染源的粒尘     

RISK OF EXTREME EVENTS IN A MULTIOBJECTIVE FRAMEWORK1

ABSTRACT: This paper summarizes advances made in risk-based decisionmaking in water resources through use of the partitioned multiobjective risk method (PMRM). (Risk is a measure of the probability and severity of adverse effects.) In the PMRM, the risk of extreme events is differentiated from risk involving less extreme damage severity and is evaluated within a multiobjective framework. Study of the extreme-event risk function f₄(*) has addressed the following issues: methods for calculating f₄(*); the sensitivity of f₄(*) to various parameters, particularly to the partitioning point of the extreme-event range and the selection of probability density functions; insight provided by the statistics of extremes; and the impact of f₄(*) on risk management, for example, in the application of the PMRM to water resources problems. In particular, this paper shares with the reader recent research results on the PMRM, the relationship between the statistics of extremes and the conditional expected value, derived formulas for f₄(*), distribution-free estimates of f₄(*), documented case studies in dam safety, and future research directions.     

上海市TSP-Pb空气质量监测点位优化研究

通过对上海市23个站点的TSP-Pb监测数据的分析,发现TSP与Pb之间具有良好的相关性.因此考虑只用TSP数据对站点进行优化.通过对各站点TSP数据的聚类分析,将所有站点分为6类,然后对包含多个站点的类,将类中各站点与本类均值一同进行再聚类,选取代表站点.最终选取6个站点作为上海市TSP-Pb污染水平的代表站点.优化前后的对比分析表明,优化结果合理,信息损失量小.     

湿地生态系统保护与修复探讨——以洪河自然保护区为例

文章通过对黑龙江省洪河湿地自然保护区的现状进行实地调查及温地成因分析,并针对洪河湿地自然保护区缺水严重、湿地退化,水生生态系统受到一定程度的破坏,局部地方沼泽已经向干草甸演替等问题,依据生态学原理通过工程措施、调节措施、管理及监测措施对洪河湿地自然保护区水生生态系统进行保护与修复.     

零价金属还原技术处理氯代有机物的研究进展

氯代有机化合物是一类常见的环境污染物,由于其水溶解度低,生物反应活性低,用常规的物化及生物处理方法难以将其去除.零价金属还原技术是近几年发展起来的环境污染物治理技术,是很有应用前景的一种非生物降解技术,文章阐述了零价金属还原技术在还原降解氯代有机物方面的应用,包括氯代烷烃、氯代烯烃、氯代芳香族化合物以及有机氯农药等,并提出了该技术存在的一些值得思考的问题,探讨了零价金属还原技术的发展方向.     

鼎湖山臭氧、氮氧化物和太阳可见光辐射相互关系的研究

给出了１９９６年了在广东肇庆鼎湖山自然保护区对太阳可见光 段辐射，地面臭氧、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度的观测结果，对影响地面臭氧、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２的主要因子进行了分析，并得到了较好的结果，晴天条件下，地面臭氧浓度、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度有明显的日变化；阴天条件下，地面臭氧浓度、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度的日变化要复杂一些。     

应用土壤肥力系统研究法诊断芒果国土壤的矿质营养

广东省赤红壤垦种芒果后，土壤的矿质营养状况基本上改善不大，地力产量仍然很低。应用土壤肥力系统研究法诊断土壤营养元素的结果表明，其缺素效应排序为：Ｎ＞Ｐ、Ｃａ＞Ｋ＞Ｍｇ；土壤Ｆｅ和Ｃｕ无缺素反应，而Ｓ、Ｂ、Ｍｎ、Ｍｏ和Ｚｎ有个别土样显示缺素效应，对这些元素丰缺的确切结论，有待进一步研究。     

Uniformity of domestic wastewater effluent application in a subsurface drip distribution system.

An on-site wastewater treatment project with two separate drip fields was operated for 6 years and received no maintenance. The two drip fields (with different design configurations) contained pressure-compensating emitters (PC) and non-pressure-compensating emitters (NPC), respectively, and received wastewater with an average 5-day biochemical oxygen demand concentration of 23 mg/L. Flowrates of the PC emitters reduced from rated average of 3.50 to 1.00 L/h, and the average flowrate of the NPC emitters reduced from 2.00 to 1.53 L/h. The statistical uniformities were 48 and 71%, and the uniformity coefficients were 70 and 86% for PC and NPC emitters, respectively. Significant, but incomplete, recovery was achieved with field-flushing and consecutive shock-chlorination treatments of 500 and 1000 mg/L.     

复合植物床式人工湿地研究

本实验研究针对应用于面源污染控制的人工湿地中水生植物的选择和布置问题进行研究,通过对人工湿地动态运行实验的研究考察,发现床体中COD、TN降解规律,通过人工湿地栽种不同水生植物的各床体的COD去除效果比较实验和不同水生植物复氧性能比较实验,得出复氧性能最好的水生植物为芦苇,然后综合这三个实验,在传统的植物床系统基础上,提出更加有利于提高系统污水处理效率的改进形式:复合植物床式人工湿地。