Phosphorus recovery from fosfomycin pharmaceutical wastewater by wet air oxidation and phosphate crystallization

Fosfomycin pharmaceutical wastewater contains highly concentrated and refractory antibiotic organic phosphorus (OP) compounds. Wet air oxidation (WAO)-phosphate crystallization process was developed and applied to fosfomycin pharmaceutical wastewater pretreatment and phosphorus recovery. Firstly, WAO was used to transform concentrated and refractory OP substances into inorganic phosphate (IP). At 200 °C, 1.0 MPa and pH 11.2, 99% total OP (TOP) was transformed into IP and 58% COD was reduced. Subsequently, the WAO effluent was subjected to phosphate crystallization process for phosphorus recovery. At Ca/P molar ratio 2.0:1.0 or Mg/N/P molar ratio 1.1:1.0:1.0, 99.9% phosphate removal and recovery were obtained and the recovered products were proven to be hydroxyapatite and struvite, respectively. After WAO-phosphate crystallization, the BOD/COD ratio of the wastewater increased from 0 to more than 0.5, which was suitable for biological treatment. The WAO-phosphate crystallization process was proven to be an effective method for phosphorus recovery and for fosfomycin pharmaceutical wastewater pretreatment.     

Will PM control undermine China's efforts to reduce soil acidification?

China’s strategies to control acidifying pollutants and particulate matter (PM) may be in conflict for soil acidification abatement. Acidifying pollutant emissions are estimated for 2005 and 2020 with anticipated control policies. PM emissions including base cations (BCs) are evaluated with two scenarios, a base case applying existing policy to 2020, and a control case including anticipated tightened measures. Depositions of sulfur (S), nitrogen (N) and BCs are simulated and their acidification risks are evaluated with critical load (CL). In 2005, the area exceeding CL covered 15.6% of mainland China, with total exceedance of 2.2 Mt S. These values decrease in the base scenario 2020, implying partial recovery from acidification. Under more realistic PM control, the respective estimates are 17.9% and 2.4 Mt S, indicating increased acidification risks due to abatement of acid-neutralizing BCs. China’s anthropogenic PM abatement will have potentially stronger chemical implications for acidification than developed countries.     

介质阻挡放电和水吸收联合降解挥发性有机化合物

依据介质阻挡放电(DBD)和溶液吸收处理气态污染物的原理,设计出一种DBD和水吸收联合降解挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的实验装置.研究其对甲苯的降解效果.考察了放电电压、甲苯初始浓度、模拟废气流量对甲苯降解效果的影响.分析了DBD和水吸收的相互作用.结果表明.DBD和水吸收联合可以提高甲苯的降解率.在放电电压为15.9 kV时甲苯的降解率为81.5%.比单独放电时提高了13.3百分点;甲苯的降解率随着放电电压增大而升高,随着气体流量和甲苯初始浓度增大而降低.该技术可以作为放电等离子体前处理工艺,为高效处理上业废气提供参考.     

废聚氨酯的热解及产物分析

利用热重分析仪和管式炉对废聚氨酯进行热解实验,研究了废聚氨酯的热解特性及热解产物.结果表明,废聚氨酯热解有3个失重阶段,热失重主要发生在200～440℃,600℃热失重趋于稳定.红外光谱图分析发现,热解过程中有大量CO和CO2产生.气质联用检测结果分析显示,热解产物复杂,液体产物中检出苯胺、p-苯胺、苯甲腈等多种芳香类化合物,气体产物以低碳的烷烃和烯烃为主,还检测出有机氯化合物,这是废聚氨酯中氟利昂类发泡剂所致.     

活性炭吸附对印染废水深度处理的研究

活性炭吸附处理可使印染废水生化出水符合直接排放或回用的标准.对不同活性炭进行性能指标测试,据此筛选出对大分子有机物吸附性能较好的3种不同材质的括性炭(混合炭、原煤炭和果壳炭),并进行吸附容量实验.同时,考察不同空床接触时间(EBCT)下的微型快速穿透(MCRB)实验.结果表明,果壳炭在3种备选炭中COD去除率和活性炭吸附容量利用率最高;1个大中型炭柱中的EBCT为20 min的果壳炭床至少可以连续使用8 d才需更换新炭,而后置炭床的串联会保证出水在8 d后继续达到<纺织染整工业污染物排放标准>(GB 4287-1992)中一级排放标准(COD<50 mg/L).     

Concentration characteristics of bromine and iodine in aerosols in Shanghai,China

Aerosol samples (TSP and PM₁₀) during each season were collected at a national monitoring point in Shanghai in 2008. Halogens (Br, I) were determined in samples along with sodium (Na) by ICP-MS and ICP-OES after microwave digestion. In this report we focused on the concentration characteristics of halogen elements Br and I and their seasonal distributions. The mean annual concentrations of total Br and I were 24 ng m^?3 and 12 ng m^?3 for TSP, 21 ng m^?3 and 9 ng m^?3 for PM₁₀, respectively. Concentrations of Br and I in TSP and PM₁₀ were lowest in summer but an increase occurred in autumn and winter. Water-soluble Br and I accounted for about 32% of the total Br and I in aerosols, and about 68% of Br and I was non soluble which may be non-soluble organic species. These non-soluble organic species are present in aerosols in the possible binding forms as mineral dust, natural organic matter, and adsorption to black carbon or mineral material such as iron oxides. Soluble Br and I in PM₁₀ extracted by a dilute acid solution (HNO₃ + H₂SO₄) increased by 22% and 18%, respectively, compared with water-soluble Br and I. A positive correlation with Na and sea water enrichment factors for Br and I indicated that bromine and iodine in aerosols originated mostly from marine sources in Shanghai.     

基于GIS的陕西省滑坡灾害空间分异特征探讨

滑坡是陕西最主要的地质灾害形式。以陕西省县域滑坡密度为测度指标,运用ARCGIS9.2、Geoda095i软件提供的空间分析方法,对滑坡灾害空间分异特征及其原因进行了探讨分析,以期为陕西省滑坡灾害防治及经济与社会可持续发展提供决策参考。     

两种干旱指标在干旱致灾因子危险性中的对比分析——以宁夏为例

致灾因子是灾害风险分析理论体系中的重要组成部分,干旱致灾因子危险性指数由干旱强度和发生概率共同决定。基于致灾因子危险性指数计算模式,对比分析了宁夏中南部山区降水距平百分率和标准化降水指数两种常用干旱指标在致灾因子危险性中的应用。分析结果表明,基于两种干旱指标的宁夏中南部山区干旱致灾因子危险性分布趋势一致,且均与实际相符,考虑到计算的简单易行,可以选择降水距平百分率作为宁夏干旱致灾因子危险性指数分析的依据。从全区干旱灾害风险区划的分析表明,宁夏干旱致灾因子危险性大致呈由南到北逐步增加的趋势。     

Nonmethane Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air of Hazy and Normal Days in Foshan, South China

A first study of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) on hazy and normal days was performed in Foshan for providing deep insight into the local deteriorating air quality. Ethane, propane, i-pentane, ethene, propene, ethyne, benzene, and toluene were eight most abundant compounds, accounting for 71%-85% of total NMHCs. Most hydrocarbons showed much higher levels on hazy days than normal days together with hydrocarbon/ethyne ratios and diurnal variations, indicating hazy days are more dominated by vehicular emission. Correlation coefficients (R(2)) of ethane, propane, ethane, propene, benzene, and total NMHCs with ethyne were 0.62-0.83, indicating these compounds are mainly related to vehicular emission. R(2) analysis indicated that solvent usage is responsible for toluene and other aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., ethylbezene). Benzene/toluene (B/T) ratio was 0.44±0.23 during whole sampling periods, again indicating vehicular emission is the dominant source. Lower B/T ratio (0.30±0.14) on hazy days than that (0.58±0.21) on normal days suggested that solvent usage emitted toluene.     

Comparison of Unsteady and Quasi‐Unsteady Flow Models in Simulating Sediment Transport in an Ephemeral Arizona Stream1

Hummel, Ryan, Jennifer G. Duan, and Shiyan Zhang, 2012. Comparison of Unsteady and Quasi‐Unsteady Flow Models in Simulating Sediment Transport in an Ephemeral Arizona Stream. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 987‐998. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00663.x Abstract: Hydrodynamic and sediment transport models are useful engineering tools for predicting unsteady flood flow and sediment transport. Many models such as HEC‐RAS, HEC‐6, and IALLUVIAL apply quasi‐unsteady flow model, whereas others apply the unsteady flow model. It remains unknown if a quasi‐unsteady flow model is sufficiently accurate for simulating sediment transport in rapidly varied unsteady flood events, especially in ephemeral rivers in arid and semiarid regions. This study compared the quasi‐unsteady HEC‐RAS 4.1 model with one‐dimensional (1D) Finite Volume Method (FVM) based model in simulating flood flow and sediment transport in the Pantano Wash, a dryland river in the state of Arizona. The objective is to determine which sediment transport method is appropriate in predicting bed elevation changes in an ephemeral stream, Pantano Wash, and if an unsteady model is more accurate than a quasi‐unsteady flow model in predicting sediment transport. Results showed that the quasi‐unsteady HEC‐RAS model and the 1D FVM yielded similar results of bed degradation and aggradation for this dryland stream, although the FVM model predicted better flood hydrographs. Among the seven sediment transport formulas embedded in HEC‐RAS, Yang’s and Engelund‐Hansen’s equations gave the best matches with the field measurements for this particular case study.