土壤有机物污染控制标准制订的方法学研究

指出了中国现行土壤环境质量标准存在的问题.对日本和美国等发达国家的有机物污染土壤质量控制标准进行了分析.从土壤环境质量基准制订的方法学和污染控制标准的确定原则上,提出了制订中国土壤有机物污染控制标准的建议.     

Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil in Tianjin, China

Principal component analysis and multiple linear regression were applied to apportion sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soils of Tianjin, China based on the measured PAH concentrations of 188 surface soil samples. Four principal components were identified representing coal combustion, petroleum, coke oven plus biomass burning, and chemical industry discharge, respectively. The contributions of major sources were quantified as 41% from coal, 20% from petroleum, and 39% from coking and biomass, which are compatible with PAH emissions estimated based on fuel consumption and emission factors. When the study area was divided into three zones with distinctive differences in soil PAH concentration and profile, different source features were unveiled. For the industrialized Tanggu-Hangu zone, the major contributors were cooking (43%), coal (37%) and vehicle exhaust (20%). In rural area, however, in addition to the three main sources, biomass burning was also important (13%). In urban-suburban zone, incineration accounted for one fourth of the total.     

The ageing effect on the bioaccessibility and fractionation of arsenic in soils from China

Ingestion of contaminated soil has been recognized as an important exposure pathway of arsenic for humans, especially for children through outdoor hand-to-mouth activities. An improved sequential extraction procedure was employed in an attempt to reveal the relationship between bioaccessibility and fractionation of As in five soils from China. Arsenic bioaccessibility in acidic ( approximately pH 4.5) soils reached approximately stable levels after a sharp decline within one week of ageing. In contrast, As bioaccessibility in higher pH (>6.0) soils was found to be significantly higher and took two weeks of ageing to reach stable levels. The artificially added As was more labile than indigenous As. The main proportions of added As were found in the specifically sorbed and amorphous and poorly-crystalline hydrous Fe/Al oxide-bound fractions. Correlation analysis shows that the non-specifically and specifically sorbed As are likely to constitute the main proportion of bioaccessible soil As. The soil content of amorphous and crystalline Fe/Al oxides and soil pH appear to be the key factors controlling, not only the time needed to reach a steady state, but also the magnitude of the bioaccessibility of As added to the soils.     

Seasonal variation on size distribution and concentration of PAHs in Guangzhou city, China

Size distribution aerosol samples were collected at an urban location of Guangzhou in four seasons of 2003-2004 by a MOUDI (Micro-orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor). The particle loading (PM10: 80-397 microg m(-3)) was comparable with some other Asia cities; however, much higher than that of Western Europe and North America. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured by gas chromatography with mass selective detector (GC-MS). Seasonal effects on the size distribution of PAHs are presented. Bimode (accumulation and coarse mode) and unimode (accumulation mode) distributions were observed for low-molecule-weight and high-molecule-weight PAHs. A slight shift to larger particles was found for the accumulation mode in autumn and winter, compared with that of spring and summer. One explanation is that the longer aging process of PAHs in autumn and winter would result in volatilization from finer particles followed by condensation onto coarser particles. Another is there was mixing process of local emission with long-range transported aerosol in autumn and winter. The relative higher value of IcdP/(BghiP+IcdP) and lower value of BghiP/BeP in winter also give evidences to the mixing process. The level of PAHs concentration has been much elevated in recent years. This can be attributed to the fast growth of motor vehicle and energy consumption.     

中国环境基准研究重点方向探讨

环境基准是环境标准的科学依据,在国家环境质量评价和风险管理体系中处于基础地位。它主要是依据特定对象在环境介质中的暴露数据,以及与环境要素的剂量效应关系数据,通过科学判断得出的,涉及环境化学、毒理学、生态学、流行病学、生物学和风险评估等前沿学科领域。国家环境基准研究是一个长期的系统工程,本文基于环境基准研究的学科特点和国际前沿,结合国家科技需求和相关领域的研究现状,综合分析并提出了未来中国环境基准研究的重点研究方向:1)环境基准的理论与方法学;2)环境基准基础数据库;3)基准目标污染物的筛选甄别和优先排序技术;4)水体营养物基准;5)生物测试与毒性评价技术;6)人体暴露评价理论与相关技术;7)环境基准的审核和校对;8)环境基准与标准转化理论及其对环境管理支撑技术。本文从环境基准学科发展的角度,阐述了与环境基准研究紧密相关的8个重点研究方面的国内外研究进展、关键科学问题以及未来重点研究内容。同时指出,这些重要的研究方向是环境基准研究的根本,未来环境基准的长期战略发展必将是建立在各个重要方向长足发展的基础之上,环境基准研究也必带动这些方向的共同蓬勃发展,为环境地球化学、毒理学、生态学等学科领域发展注入活力。     

无污泥持留序批式预处理反应器渗滤液预处理的正交试验研究

以黑石子垃圾填埋场渗滤液强化预处理-生物接触氧化为依托,针对其处理效果的局限性,研究无污泥持留序批式预处理(WSIP)反应器正交试验,旨在优化运行参数,提高低温期间渗滤液处理效果.实验表明,COD、NH 4-N、TN去除率较高,出水可生化性较好;优化碳氮质量比,为后续好氧微生物降解创造条件;曝气时间、HRT、进水磷浓度、序批周期对NH 4-N、TN去除效果影响显著;低温期间,获得较好出水水质的最佳运行参数为曝气时间9h、HRT4d、进水磷质量浓度50mg/L、序批周期6h.     

生物接触氧化处理渗滤液有机物的动力学模型研究

以重庆黑石子垃圾填埋场渗滤液生物接触氧化工艺为依托,针对其处理效果的局限性,设计了强化预处理-生物接触氧化反应器,并进行生物接触氧化反应器试验及其有机物降解动力学模型研究,旨在优化运行参数,提高渗滤液处理效果.结果表明,改进后系统比原工艺处理效果好,COD、NH4 -N、TN平均去除率分别达到95.83%、97.60%、85.60%;出水水质得到大幅度提高,出水COD、NH4 -N、TN平均质量浓度分别为235、35、199 mg/L.对生物接触氧化反应器内垃圾渗滤液有机物降解生化反应过程进行量化研究,得到微生物生长动力学模型为1/θc=0.918 7q-0.002 5;根据生物接触氧化反应器内基质消耗过程的物料平衡,得到生物接触氧化反应器处理垃圾渗滤液有机物生物降解的动力学模型为q=1.09S/(10 230 S).试验结果为生物接触氧化反应器的优化控制、设计与放大提供了参考依据.     

Co3O4/介孔分子筛催化剂对苯催化完全氧化的研究

分别以介孔分子筛MCM-41、MCM-48、SBA-15为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了氧化钴/介孔分子筛催化剂,利用N₂吸附、X射线衍射、程序升温还原等技术对催化剂进行了表征,考察了Co₃O₄的负载量及载体的孔结构对催化剂完全催化氧化苯的性能的影响。结果表明,Co₃O₄的负载量为20%时,催化剂的催化活性最好;载体的孔径和催化剂的可还原性能是影响催化活性的主要因素,催化剂活性顺序为Co₃O₄ /SBA-15> Co₃O₄ /MCM41> Co₃O₄ /MCM-48。     

膨润土接枝丙烯酸高吸水性树脂的抑尘性能研究

在微波辐射下制备了膨润土接枝丙烯酸高吸水性树脂(SAP)(一种加入聚乙烯醇(PVA),另一种不加入PVA)。结果表明:(1)红外光谱图表明,PVA与聚合网络形成了半互穿网络结构;X射线衍射图表明,膨润土与PVA、丙烯酸形成了具有无定形结构的复合产物。(2)不论是沙土堆还是尘土堆,喷洒膨润土接枝丙烯酸SAP溶液的抑尘效果明显比喷洒自来水好;喷洒膨润土接枝丙烯酸SAP溶液的尘土堆的抑尘效果好于沙土堆。(3)在温度为15℃时,考虑到节约成本的问题,首选不加入PVA的膨润土接枝丙烯酸SAP做抑尘剂;在温度为45℃时,加入PVA的膨润土接枝丙烯酸SAP适合做抑尘剂。(4)膨润土接枝丙烯酸SAP浓度越高,其耐蒸发性越高。     

新型SBBR处理畜禽废水脱氮实验研究

以畜禽废水为处理对象,将序批式运行模式应用到好氧三相内循环生物流化床中,考察在不同模式下的处理效果及氮的转化情况。实验结果表明,在室温条件下,进水COD浓度为2 000 mg/L左右,总氮为140 mg/L左右时,保持溶解氧在2~2.5 mg/L,交替好氧/缺氧运行方式处理效果优于单一的好氧/缺氧方式;模式为3 h(曝气)-1.5 h(停曝)-1.5 h(曝气)-1 h(停曝)时系统对总氮和氨氮处理效果最好,总氮去除率达到90%,系统主要脱氮方式为同步硝化反硝化和短程硝化反硝化。