珠江八大口门污染物浓度变化及成因分析

利用20 a来珠江八大口门入海污染物浓度的监测资料进行统计,分析了无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)、重金属(Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd)、石油类和COD的浓度年际间的变化,结果发现与生活污水相关的DIN、PO4-P浓度多年来呈不断上升趋势,而与工业污水密切相关的重金属和石油类则呈下降趋势,与工业和生活污染共同影响的COD呈先升后降的变化趋势.通过对多年枯水期、丰水期、平水期资料比较分析,发现污染物浓度没有集中在某一水期,分布上无一致规律.本文还就不同污染物浓度变化成因进行了分析.     

海上油田开发对海洋环境的影响——以涠洲油田为例

油田开发给人们带来重要能源和化工原料的同时,不可避免地会产生各种污染物,特别是海上石油的开发,由于其开发难度及事故风险较大,且环境管理与治理困难,往往更容易造成环境的污染.本文以涠洲油田为例,通过对油田的产污行为及其对油田周围环境的影响评价,揭示油田对水质、沉积物及生物的不利影响.结果显示由于生产水、泥浆钻屑、生活污水、落地原油等大量的排海,造成涠洲油田部分水质已出现石油类等轻微超标,沉积物在平台周边已有较明显的石油累积现象出现,底栖生物出现贝类和鱼类Pb超标,尤以贝类为甚.     

长白山林区刺五加开发的生态影响

文章通过对长白山林区的刺五加开采情况的野外调查,采用样带网格调查方法与对比分析方法,分析了刺五加开发对生态系统的主要影响,结果表明：（1）刺五加的开发对草本层和灌木层的物种丰富度都有影响;草本层物种丰富度,开发程度适中时最大,开发过度时最小,影响显著;而对灌木层的物种丰富度影响不显著。（2）刺五加的开发对草本层和灌木层的α多样性指数影响都不显著。（3）刺五加的开发对草本层和刺五加的生物量都有影响;草本层的生物量随开发程度的增大而减小,影响不显著;刺五加的生物量在开发中度时最大,开发重度时最小,影响显著。本研究在一定程度上可以为合理开发和保护刺五加提供理论依据。     

南京至安庆铁路铜陵至池州段水土保持预测分析

水土流失是开发建设项目活动中对环境产生较常见的负面影响。文章采用类比法对南京至安庆铁路铜陵至池州段的铁路建设过程中产生的水土流失量进行预测。结果表明,铜陵至池州段铁路建设过程中扰动原地貌面积363．62hm^2,土石方总量631．18×10^4 m^3。施工期和自然恢复期造成水土流失量74688t。并针对水土流失产生的危害提出了有针对性的防治措施。     

离子强度和胡敏酸影响下不同土壤胶体稳定性研究

土壤胶体的稳定性对其携带污染物的能力产生重要影响,但离子强度和胡敏酸（HA）对不同土壤胶体稳定性的影响程度尚不明确.本实验通过土壤胶体沉降实验以及DLVO理论研究离子强度、HA对黑钙土、潮土和黄壤3种土壤胶体稳定性的影响.结果表明：即使在高离子强度背景下,黑钙土胶体和黄壤胶体因有机质和黏土矿物（黑钙土胶体：伊/蒙混合层;黄壤胶体：伊利石）较高,表面负电荷多、静电斥力大,故稳定性好;而潮土胶体的稳定性受离子强度影响明显,在低离子强度下,静电斥力占主导,稳定性达到最高.HA通过增加土壤胶体表面的负电荷,提高土壤胶体间静电斥力而增强其稳定性,且HA浓度越高土壤胶体的稳定性越强.不同粒径HA对土壤胶体稳定性的影响受pH值控制,相对于大粒径HA,酸性条件下,小粒径HA （F-HA）自身稳定性更强,同时也会自凝聚形成较大的团聚体来提高土壤胶体的稳定性;中、碱性条件下,F-HA产生的链状凸起结构较小,导致空间弹性斥力和渗透性斥力减弱,进而降低土壤胶体的稳定性.结果为明晰离子强度和HA对不同土壤胶体稳定性产生差异性影响提供数据支撑.     

Multiple biomarker responses in caged benthic gastropods <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bellamya aeruginosa</Emphasis> after in situ exposure to Taihu Lake in China

Background

Freshwater sediments have been recognized as a long-term sink and potential source for environmental pollutants released into the aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the sediment quality of Taihu Lake, which is susceptible to anthropogenic contamination, was assessed by a combination of chemical analytical and biological end points. Specifically, the snail Bellamya aeruginosa was caged in situ at two locations representing different pollution levels for different exposure times (7, 14 and 21 days). At each of these time points, biochemical parameters, i.e., phase I biotransformation enzymes ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, reactive oxygen species, protein carbonyl content and lipid peroxidation, were evaluated in the hepatopancreas of snails. In addition, surface sediments were collected for analysis of contaminants of concern, including inorganic pollutants, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers.

Results

Chemical analyses revealed that sediments from Taihu Lake were contaminated with trace elements and organic pollutants. Concentrations of trace elements (Cu, Ni and As) and organochlorinated pesticides (4,4′-DDE) exceeded their corresponding threshold effect level according to the sediment quality assessment values for freshwater ecosystems in Canada, indicating that adverse biological effects may occur. All biomarkers, except EROD activity, were induced in snails during all exposure times. The integrated biomarker response index (IBR) indicated that during the initial exposure phase (7 days), B. aeruginosa were subjected to significant environmental stress, which diminished during later sampling time points.

Conclusions

Results showed that IBR correlated well with the levels of environmental contaminants, demonstrating the applicability of this biomonitoring approach to complex environmental exposure scenarios.

     

Application of ion chromatography to the determination of water-soluble inorganic and organic ions in atmospheric aerosols

A simple, sensitive and convenient ion chromatography(IC) method was established for the simultaneous determination of twelve water-soluble inorganic anions(F^-, Cl^-, NO2^-, NO3^-, SO3^2-, SO4^2-, PO4^3- ), and fifteen water-soluble organic ions(formate, acetate, MSA, oxalate, malonate, succinate, phthalates, etc. ) in atmospheric aerosols. The linear concentrations ranged from 0.005 μg/m^3 to 500 μg/m^3 (r = 0.999--0.9999). The relative standard deviation(RSD) were 0.43%--2.00% and the detection limits were from 2.7 ng/m^3 to 88 ng/m^3. The proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of those inorganic ions and organic ions in PM2.5 of Beijing.     

煤矸石堆放场周围玉米作物中苯并(a)芘污染特征

以焦作矿区演马矿煤矸石堆放场周围农田玉米为研究对象,对玉米中苯并(a)芘污染特征进行了分析研究.在矸石堆周围布设三条采样线采集玉米样品,玉米样品经提取、浓缩、净化处理后采用高效液相色谱(HPLc)法对其中苯并(a)芘含量进行检测分析.结果表明,研究区玉米作物叶子中苯并(a)芘污染水平较高,达46.7%,茎和籽均未出现苯并(a)芘污染现象,且玉米各部位苯并(a)芘含量与距矸石堆距离呈反比.进一步指出矿区企业应加强对周围环境生态的预防保护,以确保企业的可持续发展.     

彩色夹心板在噪声治理中的应用

在噪声治理中,采用彩色夹心板作隔声构件,在武汉总厂涂装分厂制冷站应用成功,用响度指数这个绝对数表示,治理前后噪声总响度降低79.65%,隔声效果非常好,达到了预期的目的.     

某市热电厂输煤系统粉尘治理效果评价

采用湿式作业 ,安装除尘器及自动挡板等方法对输煤系统粉尘进行治理 ,取得良好效果。