我国东部浅水湖泊水生态效应特征

为探究我国东部浅水湖泊生态系统的时空异质性及其演替的响应指标,基于东部浅水湖泊长时间序列（1986-2014年）的监测数据,分析了不同湖泊类型的水质和浮游植物群落分布特征,并综合运用稳态转换理论和典范对应分析方法（CCA）,研究了富营养化湖泊浮游植物群落的演替特征以及响应因子.结果表明:①从水系上看,太湖水系湖泊的水质最差,ρ（TP）、ρ（TN）和ρ（Chla）最高,分别为（0.276±0.606）（3.563±1.430）mg/L和（14.801±10.117）μg/L,SD（透明度）为（0.486±0.272）m;从水文连通性上看,湖泊的水质为通江湖泊>非通江湖泊>阻隔湖泊.②空间分布上,湖口以下干流浮游植物密度最高,为2.674×107 L-1.蓝藻门为东部浅水湖泊的优势种群,密度最高达1.897×107 L-1,绿藻门和硅藻门次之,黄藻门最少,仅为3.951×103 L-1.③东部浅水湖泊生态系统演替发生在ρ（Chla）为5.21~10.57 μg/L阈值范围内.④以东部典型湖泊-太湖为例,浮游植物群落分别在1997-1998年和2000-2001年两个时间梯度达到最大值.EC（电导率）和ρ（TN）是影响太湖浮游植物群落分布的显著因子.研究显示,随着东部浅水湖泊水质恶化,浮游植物群落结构特征发生突变,导致其生态系统发生演替,预防东部浅水湖泊生态系统演变应严控EC和ρ（TN）.      

水环境中新兴污染物三氯蔗糖的研究进展

人工甜味剂——三氯蔗糖（sucralose,SUC）是一种应用广泛的食品添加剂,因其在水环境中被广泛检出,且具有高极性、持久性等特点,被US EPA（美国环境保护局）列为新兴污染物（emerging contaminant,EC）,相关检测、降解及毒理学研究逐渐增多.在比较了水环境中微量三氯蔗糖检测方法,总结了其在各地水环境中检出情况的基础上,重点阐述水处理工艺中三氯蔗糖的控制及转化.研究表明:固相萃取-液质联用（SPE-LC/MS）是检测水环境中人工甜味剂最常用的方法,可实现痕量三氯蔗糖的准确定性和定量,检测限低至几ng/L.以生物处理为主的污水处理工艺对三氯蔗糖降解效果甚微,大部分三氯蔗糖随排放进入水环境,继而进入饮用水处理及供水系统.欧美地区污水及地表水环境中三氯蔗糖检出浓度约为几至几十μg/L,饮用水中约为几百ng/L,国内水环境中检出水平与之相当,但资料数据相对匮乏.饮用水常规处理工艺对三氯蔗糖几乎没有控制效果,实际处理系统中氯和臭氧等氧化工艺控制效果甚微.试验研究中以产生羟基自由基、硫酸自由基等为主的高级氧化工艺可有效降解三氯蔗糖,但由于成本高,操作条件限制等难以大规模应用,此外三氯蔗糖降解过程中可能产生有害副产物.我国已经成为三氯蔗糖的第二大产地,人工甜味剂生产及使用规模大,理论上国内存在水环境污染范围广、污染水平高的分布特征,是水源中不容忽视的一类微量有机污染物.目前国内净水厂推广应用以臭氧为主的深度处理工艺,但三氯蔗糖在该工艺中因不完全降解可能导致多种含氯或脱氯产物的产生,对饮用水供水安全具有潜在威胁.      

TOF–SIMS surface analysis of chemical components of size–fractioned urban aerosols in a typical heavy air pollution event in Beijing

Size–fractioned atmospheric aerosol particles were collected during a typical heavy air pollution event in Beijing. The organic and inorganic components on the surfaces of the samples were analyzed using time–of–flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(TOF–SIMS).The variation characteristics of the surface chemical composition and influencing factors were studied, and the possible sources of these chemical compositions were identified through principal component analysis. The results showed that inorganic components such as crustal elements and sulfate, and organic components such as aliphatic hydrocarbons and oxygen–containing organic groups were present. Some surface components, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and fluorides may exert adverse effects on human health. The species and relative percentages of the chemical components varied with particle size, diurnal and pollution progress. During a heavy pollution event, the species and relative percentages of secondary components such as oxygen–containing organic groups and sulfurous compounds increased, indicating that particles aged during this event. The surface chemical composition of the aerosol particles was affected mainly by emissions from coal combustion and motor vehicles. In addition, air pollution, meteorological factors, and air mass transport also exerted a significant effect on the surface chemical composition of aerosol particles.     

A conductive polypyrrole based ammonium ion selective electrode

In view of the development of miniaturized sensor arrays, a solid-contact ammonium ion selective electrode has been investigated. A conductive polypyrrole film was electrochemicallydeposited on a glassy carbon surface and used as an internal solid contact layer between the sensing membrane and solid electrode surface. A systematic evaluation of the importantparameters affecting the electromotive force (emf) response ispresented. The performances of this solid-contact sensor were verified using a batch-mode measurement setup and a wall-jet flow cell system. The designed sensor exhibited excellent selectivity for the primary ion and a linear response over the pNH₄ ⁺ range 1–5 with a slope of 56.3 mV decade^-1. The sensor has a fast response and is relativelyrobustness, and was also used to determine ammonium concentrations in natural waters, with promising results.     

室内甲醛污染及对人体健康的影响

通过对三种不同类型居室内甲醛监测表明,甲醛浓度与室内装饰、吸烟和燃料的不完全燃烧有关.兰州地区夏季室内甲醛超标率高,为41.0％～51.3％.室内主要污染物除TSP以外,甲醛居第2位,且一天中浓度最高值在中午.新建居室比普通居室甲醛浓度高,在所有情况下,室内浓度高于室外.     

Rapid infiltration wastewater treatment for small communities in Beijing

This rapid infiltration (RI) system is proposed as the first one in China. The RI system treated 500 m3/d of municipal and industrial wastewater. About 0.36 ha of field was used. It has been evaluated that the RI system has an excellent ability to treat the wastewater. The infiltration rate was 50.3 m/a.     

人工湿地控制滇池面源水污染适用性研究

由于滇池面源污染主要发生在农村地区 ,而这些地区在水污染控制方面的资金投入和管理水平有限 ,所以应用于面源污染的水污染控制技术要求是低投入、易管理的工艺方法。而人工湿地是一种基建费用低 ,运行成本低 ,维护技术低的“三低”技术 ,氮磷去除效果显著 ,是一种适合应用于发生在农村地区的面源污染控制的工艺方法     

莲花电站库区水污染防治对策研究

莲花电站位于牡丹江干流下游,是一座以发电为主,兼顾防洪、养鱼等综合利用的大型水利枢纽工程.近年来,随着地区经济的快速发展,莲花电站下游用水量逐年增加,需要莲花电站补充一定的水量,并对水库水质提出了更高的要求.同时,上游牡丹江市经济的快速发展和人民生活水平的不断提高,导致进入莲花电站库区的污染物量增加,加剧了库区水体的污染程度.通过对水质现状分析,找出污染来源,提出莲花电站库区水污染防治对策.     

呼和浩特市室内空气污染现状及防治对策

本文针对室内环境污染的特点,通过对监测数据分析得出:呼和浩特市室内空气的主要污染物是甲醛、甲苯、TVOC,同时提出相应的防治对策.     

双极性脉冲高压介质阻挡放电降解氯苯和甲苯

将双极性脉冲高压引入介质阻挡反应器(螺旋棒式不锈钢电极、石英玻璃介质),分别对氯苯和甲苯的分解特性进行了实验研究.结果发现,这种放电形式可以高效注入能量,兼有脉冲电晕放电和介质阻挡放电的特点.脉冲高压使电场强度急剧增强,瞬间产生大功率放电和高能粒子,可以实现对VOCs化学键的高效裂解.与工频交流高压、单极性脉冲高压的试验结果比较表明,双极性脉冲高压取得了最高的降解效果;氯苯比甲苯难以分解.