海洋硅藻三角褐指藻经黑暗与UV辐射后的补偿生长(英文)

补偿生长是生物体对环境变化的一种适应性反应,主要指生物体遭受到不良环境胁迫后其生长及生理机能受到制约,但当不良环境胁迫解除后,生物体的生长能力会得到不同程度的恢复,表现出相对未受不良环境胁迫生物体超常生长的现象.迄今为止,补偿生长研究的对象主要集中在水生动物、反刍动物和高等植物上,而针对体积微小的海洋浮游植物的研究非常有限.海洋微藻是海洋生态系统最主要的初级生产者,在自然界物质和能量流动中扮演着至关重要的角色;同时,它们可以广泛应用在水产养殖、食品加工、医药保健、环境保护和生物制能等各种行业,具有非常好地开发利用前景.本文利用海洋硅藻三角褐指藻为试验材料,设置黑暗胁迫和UV辐射胁迫处理,着重测定微藻在恢复生长时期的藻生物量,叶绿素a含量和蛋白质含鼍等指标,探讨经黑暗与UV辐射胁迫后三角褐指藻的补偿生长现象.结果显示,无论是先经正常光照处理还是2 d黑暗处理,UV辐射0.1 rain和0.8 rain的微藻生物量都明显高于不经UV辐射胁迫的微藻生物置;此外,经过不同程度的黑暗与UV辐射处理后,微藻在恢复生长期的叶绿素a和蛋白质含量在某特定生长时期中明显高于对照组的叶绿素a和蛋白质含最.结果表明,三角褐指藻对外界环境变化具有适应能力,一旦不良环境胁迫被解除,微藻会表现出一定的补偿生长效应.我们的研究结果不但拓展和丰富了目前补偿生长的研究对象范围,而且还能为当前赤潮的形成、预测和防治提供一个新的研究思路,为有益经济微藻的高效率培养与利用提供理论指导.     

工业点源大气污染扩散空间信息系统

开发了一个基于高斯扩散的大气污染扩散空间信息系统,用于模拟工业点源污染对区域大气质量的影响。该工业点源污染模型包括工业点源数据库、扩散参数、气象条件和大气质量评价4个主要数据库。用该模型计算上海市主要工业区的SO2排放,结果表明,该模型为模拟SO2污染扩散提供了一个有效便捷的方法。     

南海重点海洋倾倒区表层沉积物富集特征及其潜在生态风险评价

根据2005南海三个重点海洋倾倒区,即九澳岛重点海洋倾倒区、黄茅岛重点海洋倾倒区、汕头重点海洋倾倒区的监测,分析其表层沉积物重金属的监测资料,采用富集系数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害系数法对其富集度和潜在生态危害程度进行了分析和评价.结果表明:在三个倾倒区表层沉积物所监测的重金属中,Cu和Pb元素的富集度相对最高,Hg和Cd元素的富集度较低,从空间上看,潜在生态危害系数评价结果显示,南海三个重点海洋倾倒区表层沉积物中的重金属对海洋生态系统的潜在生态危害非常轻微,均属于轻微潜在生态危害范畴,其中轻微潜在生态危害程度相对较重的是Cd和Hg元素,Cu和Pb元素的轻微生态危害程度较轻.     

黄土高原砖窑沟试验区土壤资源与改良利用途径

本文以田间试验、定位观测和野外调查为依据，系统地研究了位于晋西北黄土丘陵区的砖窑沟试验区土壤资源特点及采用改良利用措施后的效果。结果表明，试验区土壤类型多，肥力低。低产原因主要是：土质过砂，有机质含量低，气候多灾，侵蚀严重，经济贫困。通过修建水平梯田，实施快速培肥技术；实行以有机肥与氮肥为主的优化施肥方案；蓄水保水，合理用水，提高水分生产效率等一系列措施，有效地提高了土壤肥力，改善了环境条件。根据科学试验和生产实践，提出了在该地区具有普遍意义的改土培肥途径。     

Microbial response to CaCO3 application in an acid soil in southern China

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) application is widely used to ameliorate soil acidification. To counteract soil and bacterial community response to CaCO₃ application in an acidic paddy soil in southern China, a field experiment was conducted with four different dosages of CaCO₃ addition, 0, 2.25, 4.5 and 7.5?tons/ha, respectively. After one seasonal growth of rice, soil physicochemical properties, soil respiration and bacterial communities were investigated. Results showed that soil pH increased accordingly with increasing dose of CaCO₃ addition, and 7.5?tons/ha addition increased soil pH to neutral condition. Moderate dose of CaCO₃ application (4.5?tons/ha) significantly increased soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) content, enhanced soil respiration, while the excessive CaCO₃ application (7.5?tons/ha) decreased these soil properties. High-throughput sequencing results illustrated that moderate dose of CaCO₃ application increased the richness and alpha diversity of soil bacterial community. Compared with control, the relative abundance of Anaerolineaceae family belonging to Chloroflexi phylum increased by 38.7%, 35.4% and 24.5% under 2.25, 4.5 and 7.5?tons/ha treatments, respectively. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil pH was the most important factor shaping soil bacterial community. The results of this study suggest that proper dose of CaCO₃ additions to acid paddy soil in southern China could have positive effects on soil properties and bacterial community.     

Critical velocity in phosphorus exchange processes across the sediment-water interface

Sediments are ultimate sinks of nutrients in lakes that record the pollution history evolutionary processes, and anthropogenic activities of a lake. However, sediments are considered as inner sources of environmental factor changes such as the variation in hydrodynamic conditions because of the nutrients they release. How does this process happen？ This study investigates a typical nutrient phosphorus （P） exchange among sediment, suspended particle matter （SPM）, and water. Compared with numerical and experimental studies, this study confirms that the critical velocity that occurs at a lower flow rate state exists in the range of 7 to 15 crn/sec. Critical velocity below the critical flow rate promotes the migration of particulate phosphorus （PP） to the SPM. On the other hand, critical velocity above the critical flow rate promotes the release of PP in water.     

Effects of WOx modification on the activity, adsorption and redox properties of CeO2 catalyst for NOx reduction with ammonia

A series of WO₃/CeO₂ (WOx/CeO₂) catalysts were synthesized by wet impregnation of ammonium metatungstate on a CeO₂ support. The resulting solid acid catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (in-situ FT-IR) of ammonia adsorption, NH₃-TPD, H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), NH₃/NO oxidation and activity measurements for NOx reduction by NH₃ (NH₃-SCR). The results show that polytungstate (WOx) species are the main species of tungsten oxide on the surface of ceria. The addition of tungsten oxide enhances the Brönsted acidity of ceria catalysts remarkably and decreases the amount of surface oxygen on ceria, with strong interaction between CeO₂ and WOx. As a result, the N₂ selectivity of NH₃ oxidation and NH₃-SCR at high temperatures (> 300℃) is enhanced. Therefore, a wide working temperature window in which NOx conversion exceeds 80% (NOx conversion > 80%) from 200 to 450℃, is achieved over 10 wt.% WOx/CeO₂ catalyst. A tentative model of the NH₃-SCR reaction route on WOx/CeO₂ catalysts is presented.     

北京市典型土著沉水植物对水体中硝酸盐和正磷酸盐的耐受性研究

以北京市3种典型土著沉水植物轮叶黑藻、狐尾藻和金鱼藻为研究对象,构建模拟水生生态系统,研究3种沉水植物对水体中NO₃^-和PO₄^3-的耐受性并确定其耐受范围.同时,对植物体内过氧化氢酶、丙二醛、叶绿素和蛋白质4种指标进行检测.结果表明,轮叶黑藻对NO₃^-具有较强的耐受性,耐受浓度可达8 mg·L^-1,金鱼藻和狐尾藻次之,耐受浓度为3~5 mg·L^-1;狐尾藻对PO₄^3-的耐受性最差,耐受浓度约为0.2 mg·L^-1,轮叶黑藻和金鱼藻的耐受性相当,当PO₄^3-浓度达到0.4 mg·L^-1时开始出现显著胁迫.因此,在本研究的实验条件下,当水体NO₃^-浓度<5 mg·L^-1、PO₄^3-浓度<0.2 mg·L^-1时,建议3种沉水植物同时种植;当NO₃^-浓度>5 mg·L^-1时,建议种植轮叶黑藻;当PO₄^3-浓度为0.2~0.4 mg·L^-1时,建议种植轮叶黑藻和金鱼藻.研究结果可为北京市再生水补给河湖水库的水生态修复及其沉水植物群落的构建提供一定的理论指导.     

Occurrence and migration of microplastics and plasticizers in different wastewater and sludge treatment units in municipal wastewater treatment plant

● Reduce the quantifying MPs time by using Nile red staining. ● The removal rate of MPs and PAEs in wastewater and sludge were investigated. ● MPs and PAEs were firstly analyzed during thermal hydrolysis treatment. ● The removal of PAEs from wastewater and sludge was mainly biodegradation. Microplastics (MPs) and plasticizers, such as phthalate esters (PAEs), were frequently detected in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTP). Previous research mainly studied the removal of MPs and PAEs in wastewater. However, the occurrence of MPs and PAEs in the sludge was generally ignored. To comprehensively investigate the occurrence and the migration behaviors of MPs and PAEs in MWTP, a series of representative parameters including the number, size, color, shape of MPs, and the concentrations of PAEs in wastewater and sludge were systematically investigated. In this study, the concentrations of MPs in the influent and effluent were 15.46±0.37 and 0.30±0.14 particles/L. The MP removal efficiency of 98.1% was achieved and about 73.8% of MPs were accumulated in the sludge in the MWTP. The numbers of MPs in the sludge before and after digestion were 4.40±0.14 and 0.31±0.01 particles/g (dry sludge), respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) analysis showed that the main types of MPs were polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polystyrene (PS). Six PAEs, including phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), ortho dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and bis(2-ethyl) hexyl phthalate (DEHP), were detected in the MWTP. The concentrations of total PAEs (ΣPAEs) in the influent and effluent were 76.66 and 6.28 µg/L, respectively. The concentrations of ΣPAEs in the sludge before and after digestion were 152.64 and 31.70 µg/g, respectively. In the process of thermal hydrolysis, the number and size of MPs decreased accompanied by the increase of the plasticizer concentration.     

Distribution of alkylphenols in the Pearl River Delta and adjacent northern South China Sea, China

The occurrence of alkylphenols (APs) was investigated in surface water and sediments from the Pearl River Delta and adjacent northern South China Sea. Most of the water samples contained detectable amounts of APs, ranging up to 0.628 microg l(-1) for nonylphenol (NP) and 0.068 microg l(-1) for octylphenol (OP). APs were found in all of the sediment samples with concentrations ranging from 59 to 7808 microg kg(-1) for NP and from 1 to 93 microg kg(-1) for OP. The Zhujiang River showed the highest concentrations of APs in both water and sediments. Significant decrease of APs concentrations going from the Zhujiang River to the Shiziyang River was observed. The Xijiang River contained concentrations of APs slightly higher in water but relatively lower in sediments than the Lingding Bay, which might be attributed to their different hydrodynamic and sedimentary characteristics. There was a decreasing trend of APs in water from the rivers to the estuary and further to the sea on the whole. In the Lingding Bay and its outer waters, concentrations of APs in sediments increased to a maximum and then decrease seaward, which was consistent with the distribution trend of the sediment organic carbon contents. Linear regression analyses showed the concentrations of APs were markedly correlated with the sediment organic carbon contents, indicating that the sediment organic carbon is an important factor controlling the levels of APs in sediments.