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31.
Waste combustion on a grate with energy recovery is an important pillar of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in the Netherlands. In MSW incinerators fresh waste stacked on a grate enters the combustion chamber, heats up by radiation from the flame above the layer and ignition occurs. Typically, the reaction zone starts at the top of the waste layer and propagates downwards, producing heat for drying and devolatilization of the fresh waste below it until the ignition front reaches the grate. The control of this process is mainly based on empiricism.MSW is a highly inhomogeneous fuel with continuous fluctuating moisture content, heating value and chemical composition. The resulting process fluctuations may cause process control difficulties, fouling and corrosion issues, extra maintenance, and unplanned stops. In the new concept the fuel layer is ignited by means of preheated air (T > 220 °C) from below without any external ignition source. As a result a combustion front will be formed close to the grate and will propagate upwards. That is why this approach is denoted by upward combustion.Experimental research has been carried out in a batch reactor with height of 4.55 m, an inner diameter of 200 mm and a fuel layer height up to 1 m. Due to a high quality two-layer insulation adiabatic conditions can be assumed. The primary air can be preheated up to 350 °C, and the secondary air is distributed via nozzles above the waste layer. During the experiments, temperatures along the height of the reactor, gas composition and total weight decrease are continuously monitored. The influence of the primary air speed, fuel moisture and inert content on the combustion characteristics (ignition rate, combustion rate, ignition front speed and temperature of the reaction zone) is evaluated.The upward combustion concept decouples the drying, devolatilization and burnout phase. In this way the moisture and inert content of the waste have almost no influence on the combustion process. In this paper an experimental comparison between conventional and reversed combustion is presented. 相似文献
32.
This paper concludes the publication of theJournal of Coastal Conservation from 1995–2004 after the European Coastal Union and the Publishers decided to terminate the production of the journal. We
look back at the 206 research papers published in this period while concentrating on Geographical and ecological variation,
Focuses and trends, and Progress in European coastal conservation and management.
Three indices are added: (1) a list of the 206 papers; (2) an Author Index; and (3) a Subject Index based on the titles, keywords
and some additional important subjects found in the tables and figures. 相似文献
33.
Eddy van der Maarel Marijke van der Maarel-Versluys 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1996,2(1):73-92
A comprehensive list of 1068 typical littoral plant species and subspecies has been composed. They are considered endemic
in a wide sense and are subdivided into widespread, transregional, regional and local endemics, the latter three categories
being considered as endemics s.s. For each taxon the distribution, habitat preference, endemic status and conservation status
are given. The list, which is available upon request, is summarized in a number of figures and tables, from which it appears
that 61% of all species are endemics s.s., that ca. 30% of all species are dune and beach species and another nearly 30% are
maritime rock species. Species of wet habitats are concentrated in northern and northwestern Europe, dune species in western
and southwestern Europe, western Mediterranean and Black Sea. The conservation status of most species is indicated; 37% is
considered threatened. It is concluded that the Bern Convention and the European Habitat Directive offer an entirely insufficient
framework for effective conservation action. It is suggested to take the present list as a starting point for a geographical/taxonomical/ecological
data base of European coastal endemics. 相似文献
34.
Ahmadpour Elham Hallé Stéphane Valois Isabelle Ryan Patrick Eddy Haddad Sami Rodriguez Manuel Tardif Robert Debia Maximilien 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2023,30(13):36012-36022
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Since 1995, Hery’s trichloramine sampling procedure has been widely used to determine trichloramine exposure in indoor swimming pools. This... 相似文献
35.
Surface soils affected by forest fires from Igbanko mangrove forest in Nigeria were analyzed for 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The total PAHs concentrations in the soils ranged from 63 to 188?µg?kg?1 dry weight (average: 108?µg?kg?1). The three predominant PAHs in the soils were naphthalene (Na), fluoranthene (Flu), and benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF). Compared to the control sample (19?µg?kg?1), elevated PAHs concentrations were observed in the soils, an indication of some level of PAHs contamination. PAHs source diagnostic ratios of Flu/(Flu?+?Pyr) and Ant/(Ant?+?Phe) indicated that the PAHs have a pyrogenic origin which may have resulted from combustion of grass, wood, or coal. An assessment based on Canadian soil quality guidelines indicated that the studied locations do not pose any serious adverse risk on human health. 相似文献
36.
To gain insight in the startup of an incinerator, this article deals with piloted ignition. A newly developed model is described to predict the piloted ignition times of wood, PMMA and PVC. The model is based on the lower flammability limit and the adiabatic flame temperature at this limit. The incoming radiative heat flux, sample thickness and moisture content are some of the used variables. Not only the ignition time can be calculated with the model, but also the mass flux and surface temperature at ignition. The ignition times for softwoods and PMMA are mainly under-predicted. For hardwoods and PVC the predicted ignition times agree well with experimental results. Due to a significant scatter in the experimental data the mass flux and surface temperature calculated with the model are hard to validate. The model is applied on the startup of a municipal waste incineration plant. For this process a maximum allowable primary air flow is derived. When the primary air flow is above this maximum air flow, no ignition can be obtained. 相似文献
37.
Dimitri Devuyst Eddy Nierynck Luc Hens Dirk Ceuterick Veerle De Baere Guido Wouters 《Environmental management》1993,17(3):395-408
Two years of experience with EIA in Flanders (northern Belgium) was evaluated in order to gain perspective on the effectiveness
of the administrative procedure. The four essential characteristics of the EIA procedure that were evaluated are: completeness,
open and public character, objectivity, and verifiability. Representatives of all parties involved in the EIA procedure were
interviewed. The result of the evaluation is a list of major problems with EIA. Recommendations for a more efficient procedure
are suggested at a time when a proposal for a new, comprehensive, and permanent EIA decree is being discussed. The evaluation
of the administrative procedure for EIA in Flanders shows that several vital characteristics of the EIA procedure are lacking.
This reduces the obligatory and open nature of the process, resulting in insufficient guarantees that the environment receives
the altention it deserves during the decision-making process. 相似文献
38.
F. Douglas. Shields Eddy J. Langendoen Martin W. Doyle 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(1):25-33
Annual expenditures by the federal government in the United States for agricultural conservation programs increased about 80 percent with passage of the 2002 Farm Bill. However, environmental benefits of these programs have not been quantified. A national project is under way to estimate the effect of conservation practices on environmental resources. The watershed models intended for use in that project are focused on water quantity and quality and have minimal habitat assessment capability. Major impairments to aquatic ecosystems in many watersheds consist of physical habitat degradation, not water quality, suggesting that current models for this national initiative do not address one of the most significant aspects of aquatic ecosystem degradation. Currently used models contain some components relevant to aquatic habitat, and this paper describes specific components that should be added to allow rudimentary stream habitat quality assessments. At least six types of variables could be examined for ecological impact: land use, streamflow, water temperature, streambed material type, large woody debris, and hydraulic conditions at base flow. All of these variables are influenced by the presence, location, and quality of buffers. Generation of stream corridor ecological or habitat quality indices might contribute to assessments of the success or failure of conservation programs. Additional research is needed to refine procedures for combining specific measures of stream habitat into ecologically meaningful indices. 相似文献
39.
Alessandro C de Araújo Bart Kruijt Antonio D Nobre Albertus J Dolman Maarten J Waterloo Eddy J Moors Juliana S de Souza 《Ecological applications》2008,18(6):1406-1419
Flux measurements of carbon dioxide and water vapor above tropical rain forests are often difficult to interpret because the terrain is usually complex. This complexity induces heterogeneity in the surface but also affects lateral movement of carbon dioxide (CO2) not readily detected by the eddy covariance systems. This study describes such variability using measurements of CO2 along vertical profiles and along a toposequence in a tropical rain forest near Manaus, Brazil. Seasonal and diurnal variation was recorded, with atmospheric CO2 concentration maxima around dawn, generally higher CO2 build-up in the dry season and stronger daytime CO2 drawdown in the wet season. This variation was reflected all along the toposequence, but the slope and valley bottom accumulated clearly more CO2 than the plateaus, depending on atmospheric stability. Particularly during stable nights, accumulation was along lines of equal altitude, suggesting that large amounts of CO2 are stored in the valleys of the landscape. Flushing of this store only occurs during mid-morning, when stored CO2 may well be partly transported back to the plateaus. It is clear that, for proper interpretation of tower fluxes in such complex and actively respiring terrain, the horizontal variability of storage needs to be taken into account not only during the night but also during the mornings. 相似文献
40.
Evaluating Flow Metric‐Based Stream Classification Systems to Support the Determination of Ecological Flows in North Carolina
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Michele C. Eddy Jennifer Phelan Lauren Patterson Jessie Allen Sam Pearsall 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2017,53(1):30-41
Hydroecological classification systems are typically based on an assemblage of streamflow metrics and seek to divide streams into ecologically relevant classes. Assignment of streams to classes is suggested as an initial step in the process of establishing ecological flow standards. We used two distinct hydroecological river classification systems available within North Carolina to evaluate the ability of a hydrologic model to assign the same classes as those determined by observed streamflows and to assess the transferability of such systems to ungaged streams. Class assignments were examined by rate of overall matches, rate of class matches, spatial variability in matches, and time period used in class assignment. The findings of this study indicate assignments of stream class: (1) are inconsistent among different classification systems; (2) differ between observed and modeled data; and (3) are sensitive to the period of record within observed data. One clear source of inconsistency/sensitivity in class assignments lies with the use of threshold values for metrics that distinguish stream classes, such that even small changes in metric values can result in different class assignments. Because these two hydroecological classification systems are representative of other classification systems that rely on quantitative decision thresholds, it can be surmised that the use of such systems based on stream flow metrics is not a reliable approach for guiding ecological flow determinations. 相似文献