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681.
Edward R. Carr Philip M. Wingard Sara C. Yorty Mary C. Thompson Natalie K. Jensen Justin Roberson 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2013,20(6):543-555
The DPSIR framework was devised in the late 1990s as a tool for the reporting and analysis of environmental problems, ranging in scale from global systems to localized watersheds. Since then, international organizations have begun to apply this framework to the evaluation of sustainable development initiatives, to better understand and overcome barriers to sustainability. While this may seem a logical application for an integrated environmental assessment tool, the use of DPSIR in sustainable development will likely perpetuate the least satisfactory outcomes of development. DPSIR cannot address the impact of aggregated, informal responses on the drivers and pressures related to environmental problems and sustainability challenges. This problem is not merely an oversight of the framework, but an issue that emerges within the structure of DPSIR itself through the unexamined, unacknowledged hierarchy of actors that this framework implicitly creates with its typology. Therefore, a DPSIR-centered approach is not a new direction for development within international organizations, but instead, a reproduction of existing inequalities between actors and stakeholders within current approaches. 相似文献
682.
Edward Pollard 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2012,16(2):143-158
This article addresses two related themes: the response of coastal communities to the impact of environmental processes and
human actions as reflected in archaeology, and threats to the archaeological record emanating from current natural and human
agencies. The geographical context is the entire east coast of Africa, although emphasis is placed on Swahili settlements
in the light of their long-standing dependence upon maritime resources and trading opportunities. Evidence is derived from
documentary sources and field studies with detailed data from Kilwa, Tanzania. Physical conditions are relatively benign,
but threats are identified in adverse weather events, erosion, and sedimentation processes. Knowledge of past climatic impacts
upon shipping is restricted by limited research of the off-shore environment. On-shore, the archaeological record provides
evidence of protective construction work, possibly where erosion precipitated by removal of mangroves. However, unless significant
port investments required safeguarding, relocation of landing area and settlement was principal response to erosion and sedimentation.
Current threats to archaeology are far more significant both from natural processes of marine erosion and vegetation growth
encouraged by urban decline and neglect. Limited legislation and resources are seen as the greatest impediments to investigation
and protection of heritage from urban and tourism inspired development in future. 相似文献
683.
Restoring piscivorous fish populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes causes seabird dietary change 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hebert CE Weseloh DV Idrissi A Arts MT O'Gorman R Gorman OT Locke B Madenjian CP Roseman EF 《Ecology》2008,89(4):891-897
Ecosystem change often affects the structure of aquatic communities thereby regulating how much and by what pathways energy and critical nutrients flow through food webs. The availability of energy and essential nutrients to top predators such as seabirds that rely on resources near the water's surface will be affected by changes in pelagic prey abundance. Here, we present results from analysis of a 25-year data set documenting dietary change in a predatory seabird from the Laurentian Great Lakes. We reveal significant declines in trophic position and alterations in energy and nutrient flow over time. Temporal changes in seabird diet tracked decreases in pelagic prey fish abundance. As pelagic prey abundance declined, birds consumed less aquatic prey and more terrestrial food. This pattern was consistent across all five large lake ecosystems. Declines in prey fish abundance may have primarily been the result of predation by stocked piscivorous fishes, but other lake-specific factors were likely also important. Natural resource management activities can have unintended consequences for nontarget ecosystem components. Reductions in pelagic prey abundance have reduced the capacity of the Great Lakes to support the energetic requirements of surface-feeding seabirds. In an environment characterized by increasingly limited pelagic fish resources, they are being offered a Hobsonian choice: switch to less nutritious terrestrial prey or go hungry. 相似文献
684.
Edward T Game Matthew E Watts Scott Wooldridge Hugh P Possingham 《Ecological applications》2008,18(3):670-680
Large-scale catastrophic events, although rare, lie generally beyond the control of local management and can prevent marine reserves from achieving biodiversity outcomes. We formulate a new conservation planning problem that aims to minimize the probability of missing conservation targets as a result of catastrophic events. To illustrate this approach we formulate and solve the problem of minimizing the impact of large-scale coral bleaching events on a reserve system for the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. We show that by considering the threat of catastrophic events as part of the reserve design problem it is possible to substantially improve the likely persistence of conservation features within reserve networks for a negligible increase in cost. In the case of the Great Barrier Reef, a 2% increase in overall reserve cost was enough to improve the long-run performance of our reserve network by >60%. Our results also demonstrate that simply aiming to protect the reefs at lowest risk of catastrophic bleaching does not necessarily lead to the best conservation outcomes, and enormous gains in overall persistence can be made by removing the requirement to represent all bioregions in the reserve network. We provide an explicit and well-defined method that allows the probability of catastrophic disturbances to be included in the site selection problem without creating additional conservation targets or imposing arbitrary presence/absence thresholds on existing data. This research has implications for reserve design in a changing climate. 相似文献
685.
686.
Estimating recreational trout fishing damages in Montana's Clark Fork River basin: summary of a natural resource damage assessment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper summarizes a natural resource damage assessment for the State of Montana. Mining wastes have caused significant reductions in trout stocks in a 145-mile stretch of Montana's Silver Bow Creek and Clark Fork River. To estimate economic damages from decreases in catch rates, we develop and estimate an individual-based utility-theoretic model of where and how often an angler will fish as a function of travel costs, catch rates, and other influential characteristics of the site and individuals. The model includes resident and nonresident anglers who currently fish in Montana, and allows them to have different preferences. Demand parameters and expected catch rates are simultaneously estimated. The value of time is endogenously estimated as a proportion of the wage rate. Catch rates are linked to trout stocks through a stock-catch function. Collection of the angler data involved a three-step process: anglers were intercepted at 26 study sites, a subsample of anglers was selected to reflect the population trip-taking proportions to the study sites, and these anglers received follow-up surveys through the fishing season. Avidity weights are used to correct for the higher level of avidity inherent in intercept samples. 相似文献
687.
Economic and demographic factors affecting mangrove loss in the coastal provinces of Thailand, 1979-1996 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The following paper analyzes the economic and demographic factors determining the conversion of mangroves in the coastal provinces of Thailand to commercial shrimp farming. Mangrove conversion therefore is determined by the returns to shrimp farmers, (i.e. the price of shrimp), the input costs to farming shrimp (e.g. feed price and wages) and the "accessibility" of mangrove areas. Additional exogenous influences, such as income per capita, population growth, and in-migration (i.e. the number of shrimp farms) also are important. Both a mangrove conversion and a shrimp farm expansion relationship are estimated empirically through a panel analysis across 21 coastal provinces of Thailand between 1979-1996. Results show that the price of shrimp, minimum wage, distance from market, feed price, population growth, income per capita, and shrimp-farm density all have important influences on mangrove loss due to shrimp farming in Thailand. 相似文献
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