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671.
Paolo F. Ricci Robert E. Laessig Edward R. Glaser 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1978,14(3):524-531
ABSTRACT: Residential properties nearby a park-lake system were studied, through time-series, to detect possible changes in the land market during the period between announcement and completion of the impounding reservoir, 1962 to 1973. The time series identifies a period of increases in the values of properties which is concomitant with the announcement of the park-lake. This is followed by a second period characterized by lower prices, which ends in 1970, as construction activities take place. During construction, from 1970 to 1973, property values were found to increase rapidly. 相似文献
672.
Edward E. DeMartini Todd W. Anderson Alan M. Friedlander James P. Beets 《Marine Biology》2011,158(11):2437-2447
Group incidence and size are described for recruit parrotfishes, wrasses, and damselfishes on Hawaiian reefs over 3 years
(2006–2008) at sites spanning the archipelago (20–28°N, 155–177°W). Coral-poor and coral-rich areas were surveyed at sites
with both low (Hawaii Island) and high (Midway Atoll) predator densities, facilitating examination of relations among predator
and recruit densities, habitat, and group metrics. Predator and recruit densities varied spatially and temporally, with a
sixfold range in total recruit densities among years. Group (≥2 recruits) metrics varied with time and tracked predator and
recruit densities and the proportion of schooling species. Groups often included heterospecifics whose proportion increased
with group size. A non-saturating relationship between group size and recruit density suggests that the anti-predator benefits
of aggregation exceeded competitive costs. Grouping behavior may have overarching importance for recruit survival–even at
high recruit densities–and merits further study on Hawaiian reefs and elsewhere. 相似文献
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674.
Chiou-Shuang Yan An-Min Chung Edward C Koziara Andrew G Verzilli 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》1975,2(1):60-68
The purpose of this study was to ascertain, through the use of an input-output model, the impact of air pollution control costs on income groups in the Philadelphia Region. The range of increases in consumption expenditure was found to be fairly narrow, with the middle-income group bearing the largest increase (2.9%) and the highest and lowest groups slightly lower increases (about 2%). This finding lends support to the proposition that all income groups would probably share the costs of control equally, which leads to a slightly regressive effect on income distribution. The sharing of the region's air quality costs by other areas was also analyzed. 相似文献
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Tax-exempt financing of industrial pollution control equipment has increased rapidly in recent months. This method of subsidizing pollution abatement is known to be highly inefficient. If tax-exempt industrial revenue bonds were replaced by a more efficient subsidy the net financial benefits to polluting industries could probably be about doubled without any extra cost to American taxpayers. Increased utilization of an inefficient subsidy device and the international energy crisis make this a propitious time for tax experts and economists to re-examine the question, should industrial pollution control investments be subsidized? 相似文献
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680.
Lyndon Alexander Jordan James Edward Herbert-Read Ashley J. W. Ward 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(3):449-455
When the costs of parental care do not scale with the number of offspring being cared for, inclusion of non-descendant young into broods can be advantageous, leading to systems of alloparental care. However, if the cost of care scales with the number of offspring, selection may act against misdirected parental care. The spiny chromis, Acanthochromis polyacanthus, is a marine fish with extended biparental care, and broods that increase in size over the care period strongly suggest that alloparental care occurs in this species. However, A. polyacanthus parents directly provision their offspring by producing ectodermal mucus for their fry to feed on. The costs of such provisioning may scale with brood size, potentially increasing the costs of parental care. Using wild A. polyacanthus pairs, we tested whether foreign offspring are accepted into established broods, and measured how brood defence effort and mucal feeding scale with brood size. We found that A. polyacanthus discriminate between their own and foreign young, vigorously expelling experimentally introduced foreign offspring. Although defensive effort did not scale with brood size, mucal feeding was strongly dependent on brood size, and this increasing cost of care likely acts as the primary selective force on parental discrimination and rejection of foreign fry in A. polyacanthus. 相似文献