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131.
Nobuhisa Watanabe Saburo Inoue Hisao Ito 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2000,2(1):10-15
Antimony volatilization in municipal waste incineration was studied. Two municipal waste samples and antimony(III) oxide (Sb4O6) were heated to 500°C and 700°C in an air stream in a quartz furnace. The volatilization of Sb4O6 occurred more at 700°C that at 500°C. Conversely, antimony volatilization form municipal waste was stronger at 500°C than
at 700°C. This implies that antimony from municipal waste is volatilized as chloride instead of oxide. The chlorine sources
for antimony chlorination, a gas-phase reaction involving hydrochloric acid and a solid-phase reaction of inorganic chlorine,
e.g., CaCl2, were compared. Only the solid-phase reaction could offer enough active chlorine to induce chlorination of antimony oxide.
Received: July 2, 1998 / Accepted: January 28, 1999 相似文献
132.
Hiromu Watanabe M.D. Takashi Nakadoi 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):614-617
This work was initiated in an effort to obtain a better method for the manual determination of trace amounts of atmospheric ozone. The method described depends upon the fact that ozone oxidizes nonfluorescent 9, 10-dihydroacridine to fluorescent acridine. When the ethyl alcohol solution of acridine is acidified by 6N acetic acid, the fluorescence maximum occurs approximately at 482 mμ and its intensity is sufficiently strong to be useful in this analysis. Linear relationships between acridine concentrations and fluorescence intensities were obtained from 0.1 to 3.5 μg per ml. by measurement with a commercial fluorophotometer. The results indicated that the low concentrations of experimentally prepared ozone measured by this method were in good agreement with those obtained by the phenolphthalin method. This method appeared to be about twice as sensitive as the phenolphthalin method, but it is subject to some interference from nitrogen dioxide. 相似文献
133.
T. Niisoe E. Nakamura K. Harada H. Ishikawa T. Hitomi T. Watanabe Z. Wang A. Koizumi 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(14):1806-1814
A global atmospheric transport model is used to calculate lead concentrations in the atmosphere. The model performance is evaluated through comparisons with observations in Europe. The model results of lead concentrations in surface air were compared with measurements in East Asia. The detailed comparisons showed generally good agreement for recent decades, although systematic underestimation was found in China. Anthropogenic lead emissions in China are estimated from economic statistics to be 56 000 t yr?1, which is not small considering the economic scale of China. The underestimations suggest a hidden source of lead emissions. The emissions in Japan and Korea are derived from optimization by the model. The magnitude is about 2000 t yr?1, which is much greater than that reported by the Pollutant Release and Transfer Register in Japan and Toxics Release Inventory in Korea. 相似文献
134.
Online measurements of low-volatile organic chlorine for dioxin monitoring at municipal waste incinerators 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this study, an automatic sampling device and an analysis device have been developed for the measurement of low-volatile organic chlorine (LVOCl) in flue gas. The concentrations of dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls) have been estimated by online measurements of LVOCl at a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) using these devices. The LVOCl concentration at the outlet of the selective catalyst reactor (SCR) of the MSWI increased momentarily up to 95 μg Cl m−3 during the startup period of the MSWI; subsequently, it gradually decreased to less than 1.0 μg Cl m−3 after 50 h from the start of waste feeding. The concentration of toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ)-Dioxins at the SCR outlet had a linear positive relationship with the LVOCl concentrations. Moreover, the level of TEQ-Dioxins concentration can be estimated by using this relationship with LVOCl. From our results, since the LVOCl concentrations in a flue gas can thus be automatically analyzed every hour by online measurements, the operators of an MSWI would be able to monitor approximate TEQ-Dioxin emissions on a daily basis. 相似文献
135.
Takeuchi M Kawabe Y Watanabe E Oiwa T Takahashi M Nanba K Kamagata Y Hanada S Ohko Y Komai T 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2011,124(1-4):14-24
In order to determine whether natural attenuation of chlorinated ethenes by microbial activity occurs in aquitards, sediments at a site contaminated with tetrachloroethene were vertically studied by drilling. The distribution of microbes (Dehalococcoides group and anaerobic hydrogen producers) and the ability of the sediments to sustain microbial dechlorination were determined in an aquitard as well as in an aquifer. Close-spaced sampling revealed the existence of large populations of Dehalococcoides and H(2)-producing bacteria, especially in the organic-rich clayey aquitard rather than in the aquifer. The vinyl chloride reductase gene was also detected in the clay layer. Furthermore, incubation experiments indicated that the clay sediment could sustain transformations of tetrachloroethene at least to vinyl chloride. In contrast, no significant transformation was observed in the aquifer sand. Our results indicate that dechlorination of tetrachloroethene by bacteria can take place in an organic-rich clayey aquitard, and that organic-rich clay may also be important in the natural attenuation in an adjacent aquifer, possibly supplying a carbon source or an electron donor. 相似文献
136.
Sota Shikata Tsubasa Watanabe Kazuyuki Hattori Masakazu Aoyama Tetsuo Miyakoshi 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(2):127-130
We examined dissolution of polystyrene (PS) into cyclic monoterpenes present in tree essential oils, in order to develop an
environmentally friendly shrinking agent for expanded polystyrene. The relationship between the chemical structure of the
monoterpenes and their dissolution power for PS was studied through the solubility parameter (δ) and apparent activation energy (E
a) for dissolution. (R)-Limonene and its structural isomers on a C=C bond have high solvent power for PS. This favorable solubility was explained
by their solubility parameters. The occurrence of hydroxyl group in a solvent molecule, such as in terpinen-4-ol, reduced
affinity for PS. Bicyclic monoterpenes and 1,8-cineole, which have sterically bulky structure, showed limited dissolution
power even though they have solubility parameters similar to that of (R)-limonene. Their bulky structures would interfere with permeation of solvent into the PS matrix. Cyclic monoterpenes and
PS were recovered almost quantitatively by simple steam distillation of the PS solution. 相似文献
137.
M Kawaguchi Y Sugahara T Watanabe K Irie M Ishida D Kurokawa S Kitamura H Takata IC Handoh K Nakayama Y Murakami 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,19(7):2488-2497
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Spills of heavy oil (HO) over the oceans have been proven to have an adverse effect on marine life. It has been hypothesized that exposure of early larvae of sinking eggs to HO leads largely to normal morphology, whereas abnormal organization of the developing neural scaffold is likely to be found. HO-induced disruption of the nervous system, which controls animal behavior, may in turn cause abnormalities in the swimming behavior of hatched larvae. To clarify the toxicological effects of HO, we performed exposure experiments and morphological and behavioral analyses in pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) larvae. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Fertilized eggs of pufferfish were exposed to 50?mg/L of HO for 8?days and transferred to fresh seawater before hatching. The hatched larvae were observed for their swimming behavior, morphological appearance, and construction of muscles and nervous system. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In HO-exposed larvae, we did not detect any anomaly of body morphology. However, they showed an abnormal swimming pattern and disorganized midbrain, a higher center controlling movement. Our results suggest that HO-exposed fishes suffer developmental disorder of the brain that triggers an abnormal swimming behavior and that HO may be selectively toxic to the brain and cause physical disability throughout the life span of these fishes. 相似文献
138.
S. Hirota M. Matsuura H. Masuda A. Ushiyama K. Wake S. Watanabe M. Taki C. Ohkubo 《The Environmentalist》2009,29(2):186-189
A cranial window method modified for our experiment enabled to observe the cerebral microcirculation including the blood-brain
barrier permeability after a local expose to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields with a monopole antenna in rats. The present
report reviews our recent publications that reported no noticeable changes in the cerebral microcirculatory parameters due
to RF-EMF exposure. 相似文献
139.
Saffarzadeh A Shimaoka T Motomura Y Watanabe K 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(3):1103-1113
MSW slag materials derived from four pyrolysis melting plants in Japan were studied from the viewpoint of petrology in order to discriminate the glass and mineral phases and to propose a petrogenetic model for the formation process of molten slag. Slag material is composed of two major components: melt and refractory products. The melt products that formed during the melting process comprise silicate glass, and a suite of minerals as major constituents. The silicate glass is essentially composed of low and high silica glass members (typically 30% and 50% of SiO(2), respectively), from which minerals such as spinels, melilite, pseudowollastonite, and metallic inclusions have been precipitated. The refractory products consist mainly of pieces of metals, minerals and lithic fragments that survived through the melting process. Investigations demonstrated that the low silica melts (higher Ca and Al contents) were produced at upper levels of high temperature combustion chamber HTCC, at narrower temperature ranges (1250-1350 degrees C), while the high silica melts formed at broader temperature ranges (1250-1450 degrees C), at the lower levels of HTCC. The recent temperature ranges were estimated by using CaOAl(2)O(3)SiO(2) (CAS) ternary liquidus diagram that are reasonably consistent with those reported for a typical combustor. It was also understood that the samples with a higher CaO/SiO(2) ratio (>0.74-0.75) have undergone improved melting, incipient crystallization of minerals, and extensive homogenization. The combined mineralogical and geochemical examinations provided evidence to accept the concept of stepwise generation of different melt phases within the HTCC. The petrogenesis of the melt products may therefore be described as a two-phase melt system with immiscible characteristics that have been successively generated during the melting process of MSW. 相似文献
140.
Koichi Haraguchi Akio Koizumi Kayoko Inoue Kouji H. Harada Toshiaki Hitomi Mutsuko Minata Miyako Tanabe Yoshihisa Kato Eri Nishimura Yoshiaki Yamamoto Takao Watanabe Katsunobu Takenaka Shigeki Uehara Hye-Ran Yang Min-Young Kim Chan-Seok Moon Hae-Sook Kim Peiyu Wang Aiping Liu Nguyen Ngoc Hung 《Environment international》2009,35(7):1072-1079
Human breast milk samples collected in 2007–2008 from four countries, Vietnam (Hanoi), China (Beijing), Korea (Seoul) and Japan (Sendai, Kyoto and Takayama), were analyzed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane-related compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Comparing with previous surveys, the present study indicates that the DDTs in breast milk from China and Vietnam had gradually decreased during the last decade, but were still 5–10 times higher than those in other nations. The ratios of p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT and o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT were higher in Beijing than in the other countries, suggesting that there is less fresh intake of commercial DDT products and a possible exposure to dicofol in China. CHL and PCB levels were relatively higher in mothers from Japan, whereas β-HCH and HCB were more common in Chinese women. In Japan, it is suspected that mothers in the urban/coastal area (Sendai) were more continuously exposed to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) than mothers in the rural/inland area (Takayama). In addition, OCP levels in primiparae were significantly higher than those in multiparae from Japan and Korea. These indicate that both parity and regional factors are major determinants of the levels of OCPs and PCBs in human milk. On the other hand, higher concentrations of PBDEs were observed in mothers' milk from Korea. The congener was dominated by BDE-47 (43–54%), followed by BDE-153 (23–33%) in all regions except for Beijing where BDE-28 (23%) was relatively abundant. In Japanese breast milk, regional and parity-dependent distributions were not observed for PBDEs. Among PBDE congeners, age-dependency was observed for BDE-153, which was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) to the age of mothers in Kyoto (17 participants were housewives), while it increased with age in Sendai (10 participants were clerks). No such correlation was seen for BDE-47, indicating that BDE-47 was ingested and assimilated via different kinetics or routes from BDE-153 in Japan. 相似文献