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351.
PCDD/Fs in ambient air in north-east Italy: The role of a MSWI inside an industrial area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Andrea Colombo Emilio Benfenati Giulio Mariani Marco Lodi Roberto Marras Giuseppe Rotella Vincenzo Senese Elena Fattore Roberto Fanelli 《Chemosphere》2009,77(9):1224-1229
The stack gases of a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI), and ambient air were sampled in four locations around the plant for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs). The sampling area was close to an industrial area near Trieste, in north-east Italy. The purpose of the study was to estimate the impact of the MSWI emissions and to distinguish the contribution of these emissions from other potential emission sources in the industrial area.PCDD/F atmospheric concentrations were similar to those generally detected in urban–rural areas with one location about 2–3 times more contaminated than the others. Since the most contaminated location was inside the industrial area but upwind of the MSWI, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to establish whether other sources were the cause. This analysis clearly showed that a local steel plant’s emission was the main source of PCDDs/Fs in ambient air. This study highlights the usefulness of multivariate data analysis such as PCA to identify, among different potential emission sources, the one really responsible for the contamination. 相似文献
352.
Paoletti E Contran N Manning WJ Ferrara AM 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(5):1453-1460
Twenty-four experiments where EDU was used to protect plants from ozone (O3) in Italy are reviewed. Doses of 150 and 450 ppm EDU at 2-3 week intervals were successfully applied to alleviate O3-caused visible injury and growth reductions in crop and forest species respectively. EDU was mainly applied as soil drench to crops and by stem injection or infusion into trees. Visible injury was delayed and reduced but not completely. In investigations on mode of action, EDU was quickly (<2 h) uptaken and translocated to the leaf apoplast where it persisted long (>8 days), as it cannot move via phloem. EDU did not enter cells, suggesting it does not directly affect cell metabolism. EDU delayed senescence, did not affect photosynthesis and foliar nitrogen content, and stimulated antioxidant responses to O3 exposure. Preliminary results suggest developing an effective soil application method for forest trees is warranted. 相似文献
353.
Gaps and opportunities for the World Heritage Convention to contribute to global wilderness conservation
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James R. Allan Cyril Kormos Tilman Jaeger Oscar Venter Bastian Bertzky Yichuan Shi Brendan Mackey Remco van Merm Elena Osipova James E.M. Watson 《Conservation biology》2018,32(1):116-126
Wilderness areas are ecologically intact landscapes predominantly free of human uses, especially industrial‐scale activities that result in substantial biophysical disturbance. This definition does not exclude land and resource use by local communities who depend on such areas for subsistence and bio‐cultural connections. Wilderness areas are important for biodiversity conservation and sustain key ecological processes and ecosystem services that underpin planetary life‐support systems. Despite these widely recognized benefits and values of wilderness, they are insufficiently protected and are consequently being rapidly eroded. There are increasing calls for multilateral environmental agreements to make a greater and more systematic contribution to wilderness conservation before it is too late. We created a global map of remaining terrestrial wilderness following the established last‐of‐the‐wild method, which identifies the 10% of areas with the lowest human pressure within each of Earth's 62 biogeographic realms and identifies the 10 largest contiguous areas and all contiguous areas >10,000 km2. We used our map to assess wilderness coverage by the World Heritage Convention and to identify gaps in coverage. We then identified large nationally designated protected areas with good wilderness coverage within these gaps. One‐quarter of natural and mixed (i.e., sites of both natural and cultural value) World Heritage Sites (WHS) contained wilderness (total of 545,307 km2), which is approximately 1.8% of the world's wilderness extent. Many WHS had excellent wilderness coverage, for example, the Okavango Delta in Botswana (11,914 km2) and the Central Suriname Nature Reserve (16,029 km2). However, 22 (35%) of the world's terrestrial biorealms had no wilderness representation within WHS. We identified 840 protected areas of >500 km2 that were predominantly wilderness (>50% of their area) and represented 18 of the 22 missing biorealms. These areas offer a starting point for assessing the potential for the designation of new WHSs that could help increase wilderness representation on the World Heritage list. We urge the World Heritage Convention to ensure that the ecological integrity and outstanding universal value of existing WHS with wilderness values are preserved. 相似文献
354.
Elena Jiménez Beatriz Lanza María Antiñolo José Albaladejo 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(26):4043-4049
Absolute rate coefficients for the gas-phase reactions of OH radical with 3-methylbutanal (k1), trans-2-methyl-2-butenal (k2), and 3-methyl-2-butenal (k3) have been obtained with the pulsed laser photolysis/laser-induced fluorescence technique. Gas-phase concentration of aldehydes was measured by UV absorption spectroscopy at 185 nm. Experiments were performed over the temperature range of 263–353 K at total pressures of helium between 46.2 and 100 Torr. No pressure dependence of all ki (i = 1–3) was observed at all temperatures. In contrast, a negative temperature dependence of ki (i.e., ki increases when temperature decreases) was observed in that T range. The resulting Arrhenius expressions (±2σ) are: k1(T) = (5.8 ± 1.7)×10?12 exp{(499 ± 94)/T} cm3 molecule?1 s?1, k2(T)=(6.9 ± 0.9)×10?12 exp{(526 ± 42)/T} cm3 molecule?1 s?1, k3(T)=(5.6 ± 1.2)×10?12 exp{(666 ± 54)/T} cm3 molecule?1 s?1.The tropospheric lifetimes derived from the above OH-reactivity trend are estimated to be higher for 3-methylbutanal than those for the unsaturated aldehydes. A comparison of the tropospheric removal of these aldehydes by OH radicals with other homogeneous degradation routes leads to the conclusion that this reaction can be the main homogeneous removal pathway. However, photolysis of these aldehydes in the actinic region (λ > 290 nm) could play an important role along the troposphere, particularly for 3-methyl-2-butenal. This process could compete with the OH reaction for 3-methylbutanal or be negligible for trans-2-methyl-2-butenal in the troposphere. 相似文献
355.
Loren H. Raun Elena M. Marks Katherine B. Ensor 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(20):3259-3266
Traditional regulatory methods for evaluating air toxics have several limitations. Two common methods rely either on self-reported industrial emissions from the Toxics Release Inventory or a single summary statistic such as the average or arithmetic mean. A novel statistical approach for detecting overall long term improvement in ambient air quality is demonstrated using measurements of the air toxic benzene evaluated over five years in Houston, Texas. Through trends of seven key statistical measures, long term improvements were detected at more monitors than would have been found using traditional methods while lack of improvement is highlighted at other monitors. This new approach includes analysis of high and low end concentrations, as well as central tendency, evaluated at specific air toxic human health risk thresholds. 相似文献
356.
Olivier R Staudt M Lavoir AV Ormeño E Rizvi SH Baldy V Rivoal A Greff S Lecareux C Fernandez C 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(4):963-969
Monoterpene emissions of Quercus coccifera L. were repeatedly measured during the two years following the spreading of a sewage sludge compost at rates of 50 Mg ha−1 and 100 Mg ha−1, in a twelve-year-old post-fire Mediterranean shrubland. We also monitored the patterns of change in soil and leaf nutrient content, plant water potential, chlorophyll fluorescence, and plant growth. Compost spreading resulted in weak changes in leaf nutrient content and plant water status, and therefore no significant effect on monoterpene emissions at leaf scale, except during one summer sampling, probably related to advanced leaf maturity with the highest compost rate. However, compost increased plant growth, particularly the leaf biomass. The results suggest that compost spreading in Mediterranean shrublands has no strong short-term effect on Q. coccifera monoterpene emissions at leaf level, but may indirectly increase volatile organic compound fluxes at the stand scale, which may contribute to regional ozone pollution. 相似文献
357.
Laboratory experiments were performed to investigate the partitioning behavior of a set of diverse volatile organic compounds (VOCs). After equilibration at a temperature of 25 °C, the VOC concentrations were measured by headspace method in combination with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The obtained data were used to determine the partition coefficients (KP) of VOCs in a gas-liguid-solid system. The results have shown that the presence and nature of solid materials in the working solution control the air-water partitioning of dissolved VOCs. The air/solution partitioning of BTEX and C9-C10 aldehydes was most affected in the presence of diesel soot. KP values decreased by a factor ranging from 1.5 for toluene to 3.0 for ethylbenzene. The addition of mineral dust in the working solution exhibited greater influence on the partitioning of short aldehydes. KP values decreased by a factor of 1.8. The experimental partition coefficients were used to develop a predictive model for partitioning of BTEX and n-aldehydes between air, water and solid phases. 相似文献
358.
359.
Anna Bourliva Christophoros Christophoridis Lambrini Papadopoulou Katerina Giouri Argyrios Papadopoulos Elena Mitsika Konstantinos Fytianos 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2017,39(3):611-634
In the present study, an investigation of the mineralogy and morphology, the heavy metal content and the health risk of urban road dusts from the second largest city of Greece was conducted. For this reason road dust samples from selected sites within the city core area were collected. No differences were observed in the mineralogy of road dusts coming from different sampling sites, and they were mainly consisted of quartz and calcite, while an elevated amorphous content was detected. Morphologically road dusts presented Ca-rich, Fe-rich and silicates particles with various shapes and sizes. The mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in road dust were 1.76, 104.9, 662.3, 336.4, 89.43, 209 and 452.8 μg g?1, respectively. A series of spatial distribution patterns revealed that the hotspot areas were tended to associate with major road junctions and regions with high traffic. Combination of pollution indexes and statistical analyses (correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis) revealed that road dusts have a severe influence by anthropogenic activities. In attempt to identify the source of metals through geostatistical and multivariate statistical analyses, it was concluded as follows: Cr, Cu, Fe and Zn mainly originated from tire/break wear and vehicle abrasions, while Cd, Mn and Pb were mainly related to fuel/oil leakage from automobiles along with oil lubricants and vehicle abrasion. Hazard quotient values for children based on total metal concentrations for the road dust ingestion route were lower than safe level (=1). However, the fact that the Hazard Index value for Pb (0.459) which is a particularly toxic metal, was close to safe level, renders essential further investigation in order to provide more reliable characterizations of potential health risks. 相似文献
360.
Chalov Sergey Thorslund Josefin Kasimov Nikolay Aybullatov Denis Ilyicheva Elena Karthe Daniel Kositsky Alexey Lychagin Mikhail Nittrouer Jeff Pavlov Maxim Pietron Jan Shinkareva Galina Tarasov Mikhail Garmaev Endon Akhtman Yosef Jarsjö Jerker 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(7):2039-2053
Regional Environmental Change - The protection of Lake Baikal and the planning of water management measures in the Selenga River Basin require a comprehensive understanding of the current state and... 相似文献