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391.
Elena Moltchanova Nikolay Khabarov Michael Obersteiner Daniele Ehrlich Micheline Moula 《Safety Science》2011,49(8-9):1164-1171
Every year earthquakes cause substantial economic losses and loss of life in many parts of the world. Earth observations may provide valuable information on spatial damage distribution and through that increase the efficiency of rapid response actions, finally resulting in reduction of earthquake induced losses. However, a methodology for quantitative assessment of the potential value of information in such a context has not yet been developed. That knowledge would be of high importance for planning and development of Earth observation systems on both regional and international levels when aiming at sustainable development goals. In this paper we suggest a stochastic modeling approach to assess the value of information for earthquake rapid response. Our analysis is focused on a rather short time interval after an earthquake occurrence (order of several hours) when there is a maximum need for urgent help to the earthquake victims. We use rescue efficiency as a performance measure of earthquake response actions; this efficiency is described in terms of timely arrival of rescue teams at places, where their help is mostly needed. We quantify the benefit of using spatial damage distribution information in terms of cost reduction/rescue efficiency gains. We intentionally conduct our analysis at a methodological level and do not go deeper into case studies to keep general conclusions traceable. The modeling exercise we present in the paper is a first step towards a more detailed and integrated approach that could contribute to better systematic understanding of earthquake response actions and ultimately improve their efficiency. 相似文献
392.
Geczo Alexandra Giannakoudakis Dimitrios Andreas Triantafyllidis Konstantinos Elshaer Mohammed Ragab Rodríguez-Aguado Elena Bashkova Svetlana 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(42):58969-58982
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Activated carbons prepared from cashew nut shells by chemical activation with phosphoric acid were tested for the removal of acetaminophen. It was... 相似文献
393.
E. Davoli E. Fattore V. Paiano A. Colombo M. Palmiotto A.N. Rossi M. Il Grande R. Fanelli 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2010,30(8-9):1608-1613
An integrated risk assessment study has been performed in an area within 5 km from a landfill that accepts non hazardous waste. The risk assessment was based on measured emissions and maximum chronic population exposure, for both children and adults, to contaminated air, some foods and soil. The toxic effects assessed were limited to the main known carcinogenic compounds emitted from landfills coming both from landfill gas torch combustion (e.g., dioxins, furans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs) and from diffusive emissions (vinyl chloride monomer, VCM). Risk assessment has been performed both for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects. Results indicate that cancer and non-cancer effects risk (hazard index, HI) are largely below the values accepted from the main international agencies (e.g., WHO, US EPA) and national legislation (D.Lgs. 152/2006 and D.Lgs. 4/2008). 相似文献
394.
Josep Mateu-Sbert Ignacio Ricci-Cabello Ester Villalonga-Olives Elena Cabeza-Irigoyen 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(12):2589-2593
Tourism can sustain high levels of employment and income, but the sector is a source of environmental and health impacts. One of the most important is the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW). However, there is a lack of studies which quantify how much the tourist population engages in total MSW and separately collected recyclables. The aim of this paper is to estimate the impact of the tourist population on MSW, both total and separately collected, for the period 1998–2010, for the Mediterranean island of Menorca (Spain). We use dynamic regressions models, including data for monthly stocks of tourists. The results show that, on average, a 1% increase in the tourist population in Menorca causes an overall MSW increase of 0.282% and one more tourist in Menorca generates 1.31 kg day?1 (while one more resident generates 1.48 kg day?1). This result could be useful to better estimate the seasonal population of different regions, since intrannual fluctuation of MSW is used as a proxy measure of actual population (the sum of residents and tourists). Moreover, an increase of 1% in the tourist population causes an increase of 0.232% in separately collected recyclables and an additional tourist generates 0.160 kg day?1. One resident selectively collects on average 47.3% more than one tourist. These results can help in the planning of waste infrastructure and waste collection services in tourist areas. 相似文献
395.
This paper investigates how greenhouse gases are accounted and reported in the waste sector in South Africa. Developing countries (including South Africa) do not have binding emission reduction targets, but many of them publish different greenhouse gas emissions data which have been accounted and reported in different ways. Results show that for South Africa, inventories at national and municipal level are the most important tools in the process of accounting and reporting greenhouse gases from waste. For the development of these inventories international initiatives were important catalysts at national and municipal levels, and assisted in developing local expertise, resulting in increased output quality. However, discrepancies in the methodology used to account greenhouse gases from waste between inventories still remain a concern. This is a challenging issue for developing countries, especially African ones, since higher accuracy methods are more data intensive. Analysis of the South African inventories shows that results from the recent inventories can not be compared with older ones due to the use of different accounting methodologies. More recently the use of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) procedures in Africa, geared towards direct measurements of greenhouse gases from landfill sites, has increased and resulted in an improvement of the quality of greenhouse gas inventories at municipal level. 相似文献
396.
397.
Inna P. Solyanikova Elena G. Plotnikova Ekaterina S. Shumkova Irina V. Robota Natalya V. Prisyazhnaya 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):422-431
This work investigated the distribution of the clcF gene in actinobacteria isolated from different ecotopes. The gene encodes chloromuconolactone dehalogenase (CMLD) ClcF, the enzyme found to date in only one representative of Gram‐positive bacteria, Rhodococcus opacus 1CP, adapted to 2‐chlorophenol (2CP). Using primers specific to the clcF gene, from the DNA matrix of rhodococcal strains closely related to species Rhodococcus wratislaviensis (P1, P12, P13, P20, G10, KT112, KT723, BO1) we obtained PCR products whose nucleotide sequences were 100% identical to that of the clcF gene from strain R. opacus 1CP. CMLDs isolated from the biomass of strains Rhodococcus spp. G10 and P1 grown on 2CP did not differ by their subunit molecular mass deduced from the known amino acid sequence of the clcF gene from the ClcF of strain R. opacus 1CP. Matrix‐assisted laser dissociation/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry showed the presence of a peak with m/z 11,194–11,196 Da both in whole cells and in protein solutions with a ClcF activity. Thus, we have first time shown the distribution of ClcF among actinobacteria isolated from geographically distant habitats. 相似文献
398.
399.
Papis E Bernardini G Gornati R Prati M 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(4):251-255
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.014
Background, Aims and Scope Triazole-derivatives are potent antifungal agents used as systemic agricultural fungicides and against fungal diseases in
humans and domestic animals. They act by inhibiting the cytochrome P-450 conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, thus resulting
in faulty fungal cell wall synthesis. Some data have been published about the teratogenic activity of triazoles on rodent
embryos: Hypoplasias, abnormal shape, agenesis of the branchial arches, for example, were reported as typical induced malformations.
Unfortunately, no data are available on the embryotoxicity of these compounds in amphibians, despite the increasing concern
among the scientific community about the phenomenon of global amphibian population declines. The aim of the present work is
to evaluate the embryo-lethal and teratogenic potentials of Triadimefon (FON), a triazolederivative widely used as an antimycotic
in agriculture, by the test FETAX (Frog Embryos Teratogenic Assay, Xenopus) with particular attention being paid to the analysis
of branchial arch malformations.
Methods Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed continuously from stage 9 to increasing concentrations of FON and analyzed at stage 47
for mortality and teratogenicity (group I) to determine the median lethal (LC50) and teratogenic (TC50) concentrations. Another
two pools of larvae were exposed to FON for a 2 hour period at early gastrula (Group II) or neurula (Group III) stages to
verify which period of development is the most sensitive to FON. The malformations observed were further investigated by histological
section and cartilage staining with Alcian blue.
Results and Discussion The assay has estimated LC50 and TC50 values of 63.8 μM and 2.73 μM, respectively; the resulting TI (Teratogenic Index =
LC50/TC50) value of 23.4 has underlined the very high teratogenic risk associated with this compound. Neurulation was more
sensitive to FON exposure than gastrulation, since the TC50 estimated values for group III (neurula exposed) specimens was
7.6 times lower than those of group II (gastrula exposed). Interestingly, for each group analyzed, 100% of malformed embryos
showed alterations at branchial arch derived cartilages: Anterior cartilages were reduced, missing, fused or incorrectly positioned
while gill cartilages were altered only in the most severely affected specimens. In some cases these malformations were associated
with hyperpigmentation. Our results support the hypothesis that FON can interfere with Neural Crest Cell (NCC) migration,
since craniofacial components and melanophores are derived from neural crest material.
Conclusion In conclusion, our data show Triadimefon to be a potent teratogen able to induce specific craniofacial malformation in Xenopus
laevis embryos, probably interfering with the NCC migration into the branchial mesenchyme. These results are also interesting
for ecotoxicological reasons as FON, as well as other pesticides, are likely to be present in water systems near agricultural
or urban areas which may serve as habitats for developing amphibians and fishes.
Recommendation and Outlook Our results are in agreement with the data obtained on in vitro cultured rat embryos suggesting that the FON mechanism of
action involves strongly conserved molecules. The choice of Xenopus laevis as the model organism allows us to extend the toxicological
and teratological observations to a molecular level, in order to search for novel genes regulated by FON exposure. 相似文献
400.
Optimal strategy in the control of multicomponent biocenoses that are described adequately by an autonomous discrete model has been investigated. It is shown that for any such biocenosis there exists at least one stationary optimal strategy in terms of discounted reward. The optimal strategy is described for communities of competing species, together with the method of its derivation. 相似文献