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921.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) called for a ban on mulesing in the Australian sheep industry in 2004.
Mulesing is a surgical procedure that removes wool-bearing skin from the tail and breech area of sheep in order to prevent
flystrike (cutaneous myiasis). Flystrike occurs when flies lay their eggs in soiled areas of wool on the sheep and can be
fatal for the sheep host. PETA claimed that mulesing subjects sheep to unnecessary pain and suffering and took action against
the Australian wool industry that resulted in a number of international clothing retailers choosing not to use Australian
wool. Although the Australian sheep industry agreed to phase out mulesing in 2010, there is some uncertainty as to whether
this deadline will be achieved. The changing social ethic towards animal welfare suggests that the way the Australian sheep
industry manages the phase out of mulesing in 2010 is vital to its future survival and success. It is likely that if mulesing
does not cease in 2010 there will be a negative market reaction to Australian wool and the risk of legislation to ban mulesing.
To avoid losing control of its animal welfare strategy, the Australian sheep industry should ensure that mulesing is phased
out in 2010 and endorse the animal welfare ethic underpinning this change. The industry should also educate farmers and other
industry stakeholders in how the changing social ethic for animal welfare can create new market opportunities for wool. 相似文献
922.
923.
Renewable energy is considered an indispensable basis of sustainable energy systems as electricity generation from renewable
sources results in low emissions of greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuel based electricity and contributes to sustainable
development. However, effective strategies and conducive institutional settings are needed for advancement of such clean electricity
systems. Although Thailand, as a nation, has a huge potential for renewable energy utilization, its total amount of electricity
generation from renewables is relatively small and could be enlarged substantially. Lack of policy mechanisms, institutional
development and financing exist as major barriers for Thailand in this regard. Investigation of the nation’s current energy
strategy implementation shows that relevant energy and development policies are at different stages of implementation and
institutional settings are continuously evolving. This paper argues that further significant efforts could be made towards
advancement of renewable electricity and thus achievement of energy sustainability in Thailand. Resource planning, effective
policy and institutions, focussed planning for energy sustainability and implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol could facilitate further advancement of renewables for the nation. 相似文献
924.
Vo Thi Thanh Loc Simon R. Bush Le Xuan Sinh Nguyen Tri Khiem 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(6):889-908
This paper investigates the structure, function and wealth distribution within the Pangasius hypophthalmus and Henicorhynchus spp./Labiobarbus spp. value chains in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. The analysis is driven by key questions relating to the form and function
of value chains, their contribution to the livelihoods of farmers and fishers, the effectiveness of government policy and
the potential for value chain governance mechanisms, such as contracts and certification, to steer towards sustainable production.
The results indicate that actors in the high value Pangasius hypopthalmus export chain have a higher potential income, but face considerably higher economic vulnerability from global markets. Alternatively,
Henichorhychus/Labiobarbus spp. fishers are severely constrained in their ability to negotiate higher prices for their fish but appear to be less vulnerable
to economic and environmental change. The paper concludes that for value chain governance to improve the livelihoods of fishers
and farmers in both high and low value chains, new arrangements are needed that better accommodate customary institutions
and informal market relations. 相似文献
925.
Developed countries are major markets for developing country fresh produce. Demand by developed country consumers for spotless
produce has encouraged developing country consumers to rely increasingly on pesticides in producing fresh export vegetables.
However developed country pesticide standards enacted in response to reports of increased farmer and farm worker pesticide
poisoning and the food safety scandals of the 1980s and 1990s require changes in the way growers use pesticides. The EU has
especially developed stringent food safety standards relating to, among other things, pesticide usage. Under EU pesticide
standards (EU-PS) farmers are trained by their buyers on safe use of pesticides and then closely monitored under contract.
This paper looks at the impact of these standards on developing country farmers’ use of alternative pest management practices,
pesticide protective clothing and the actual usage of pesticides. It finds that compliance with EU-PS increases the use of
alternative pest management practices and protective clothing. However, EU-PS has mixed effect on the quantity of pesticides
used. The paper also finds that farmer’s education and access to information play an important role in the use of alternative
pest management practices. The paper concludes that EU-PS encourage the use of alternative pest management practices and pesticide
protective gear in production of fresh export vegetables. The findings imply that EU-PS promote environmentally-friendly methods
of production of fresh export vegetables in developing countries. 相似文献
926.
Courtney Fidler 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(2):233-244
While the role Aboriginal people play in environmental governance programs are often underpinned by the Crown, Aboriginal
peoples are ratifying negotiated agreements with mining proponents to ensure their issues and concerns are addressed. This
paper examines Aboriginal participation in mine development to show how more inclusive social and environmental development
models can support a more sustainable development. Through two complementary processes, negotiated agreements and environmental
impact assessment, Aboriginal peoples are maximizing their benefits and minimizing the adverse impacts of a project to create
a more sustainable resource development. Case study analysis of the Galore Creek Project in northwestern British Columbia,
Canada, illustrates how environmental impact assessment and negotiated agreements can co-exist to positively contribute to
a successful mineral development, and hence operationalize sustainability within this context. 相似文献
927.
Mark Purdon 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(6):1025-1050
Negotiations of the Kyoto Protocol reached what has been called a moral position on biocarbon sinks which saw important limitations
on their use in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), the Protocol’s main carbon offset system. After outlining this moral
position, this article examines the consequences of these limitations on the viability of community forest participation in
the CDM through a case study of three community forests in West Africa. Results suggest that there is significant carbon mitigation
potential from forest conservation, reforestation as well as from improved fuelwood cookstoves at the community level. Yet
under the current rules of the CDM, little of this overall carbon mitigation potential is able to be realized. Using qualitative
research methodologies, it was learned that community respondents showed a pragmatic, yet cautious interest in the CDM while
also emphasizing a need for land-use flexibility. The paper closes with a political discussion of the “‘moral position” on
biocarbon sinks in the carbon market and concludes with policy recommendations for biocarbon sinks, in both the CDM and REDD,
in the post-Kyoto climate change regime. 相似文献
928.
The current trend in foreign aid is toward small-scale sustainable development projects in partnership with defined communities.
However, these projects are subject to the influences of self-interested human behavior, poorly defined community structures
and resources and organizational constraints that can prevent full realization of development models. Under these constraints,
attempting participatory community development models to the exclusion of other techniques may not be the most effective way
to achieve positive change. Instead, development agencies should consider adopting other proven elements of development in
combination with the spirit of community development to achieve a positive impact within the community and organizational
structures and ensure accountability for success. A small-scale attempted, sustainable development case study in Rwanda is
reviewed, as well as a new concept for larger scale development integrating ‘carbon credits’. Additionally, a development
accreditation organization is proposed to ensure additional accountability in this field. 相似文献
929.
930.
This article considers a planner’s optimum control exercise with environmental pollution and derives a testable link between
the growth rates of consumption and pollution. The link is then empirically estimated for the case of CO2 emissions for a sample consisting of the union of top 25 countries in terms of CO2 emissions, population and per capita GNP. The analysis suggests that the interrelationship between the growth rates of CO2 emission and economic development is mostly significant for countries that have a high level of CO2 emissions and population. 相似文献