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91.
Effects of Traffic Management and Transport Mode on the Exposure of Schoolchildren to Carbon Monoxide 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M R Ashmore K Batty F Machin J Gulliver A Grossinho P Elliott J Tate M Bell E Livesley D Briggs 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,65(1-2):49-57
The exposure to CO of schoolchildren was assessed in the town of Northampton, UK, both by direct measurement and by GIS-based activity modelling. Personal measurement of CO showed that exposures when travelling by car were significantly greater than those when walking, although journey times by car were shorter. However, journey exposures had little effect on maximum 8h mean CO exposures. CO concentration fields in the study area were modelled from current traffic flows, and those expected under different traffic management scenarios. These fields were then used, in combination with children's home and school location, and their activity profiles, to simulate frequency distributions of exposure for different transport modes and traffic management scenarios. The results show a large variability in the effect of traffic management interventions, depending on the child's home and school location. 相似文献
92.
David R. Godschalk Adam Rose Elliott Mittler Keith Porter Carol Taylor West 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2009,52(6):739-756
Hazard mitigation planners claim that foresighted present actions and investments produce significant future benefits. However, they have difficulty in supporting their claims, since previously their evidence typically was derived from individual case studies. Constituents and decision makers are often sceptical, believing that individual cases are either inapplicable to their situation or non-randomly selected to support a particular view. Planners need objective evidence based on a large body of experience to support the case for mitigation. Such is the unique contribution of a recent U.S. study that found that each dollar spent in three federal natural hazard mitigation grant programs (the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program, Project Impact, and the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program) saves society an average of $4 in future avoided losses. Complementing the aggregate benefit-cost analysis with community-based evaluations, the study yielded insights on how planners can improve long-term community resilience in the face of extreme events. Valuable lessons for mitigation planners and policy makers emerged: the need to consider a wide variety of losses, the importance of mixing qualitative with quantitative analysis, the value of averaging results over a large number of projects, and the need to more explicitly address social issues and data collection in order to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience to cope with twenty-first century hazards. 相似文献
93.
94.
Environmental accounting of natural capital and ecosystem services for the US National Forest System 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The National Forests of the United States encompass 192.7?million acres (78?million hectares) of land, which is nearly five percent of the total land area of the nation. These lands are managed by the US Forest Service (USFS) for multiple uses, including extraction of timber, production of fossil fuels and minerals, public recreation, and the preservation of biodiversity, clean air, water, and soils. The USFS is interested in valuing the natural capital within, and the ecosystem services provided by, their lands. This is in part to justify expenditures in a time of limited resources. We used emergy and an environmental accounting approach, to quantify the ecosystem services, the exported environmental goods and information provided by National Forest System (NFS) lands, and the natural capital residing on those lands. Environmental accounting using emergy provides a method to value these flows of services and storages of capital using a common biophysical unit, the solar emjoule and its monetary equivalent the emdollar. We compare emdollar values to economic values gleaned from the literature. In 2005, the ecosystem services provided by USFS lands were equivalent to 197?billion emdollars, and the value of NFS natural capital was 24.3?trillion emdollars. Our evaluation suggests that the Federal Government budget allocation for the NFS ($5.55E+09 in 2005) was well spent, protecting 24.3?trillion emdollars in natural capital and insuring annual ecosystem services totaling 197?billion emdollars. Monetary values for some natural capital and ecosystem services are similar to emergy-derived values (resources like fish, wildlife, water, and firewood extracted from forests), and others are widely different (biodiversity, fossil, and mineral resources). There is large uncertainty associated with computing the environment’s contributions to society whether using emergy or accepted economic techniques; yet, the magnitude of these emergy-derived estimates suggests that even with the uncertainty, the values are significant and monetary expenditures for the Forest Service are justified. 相似文献
95.
Reduction of phosphorus (P) inputs to surface waters may decrease eutrophication. Some researchers have proposed filtering dissolved P in runoff with P-sorptive byproducts in structures placed in hydrologically active areas with high soil P concentrations. The objectives of this study were to construct and monitor a P removal structure in a suburban watershed and test the ability of empirically developed flow-through equations to predict structure performance. Steel slag was used as the P sorption material in the P removal structure. Water samples were collected before and after the structure using automatic samples and analyzed for total dissolved P. During the first 5 mo of structure operation, 25% of all dissolved P was removed from rainfall and irrigation events. Phosphorus was removed more efficiently during low flow rate irrigation events with a high retention time than during high flow rate rainfall events with a low retention time. The six largest flow events occurred during storm flow and accounted for 75% of the P entering the structure and 54% of the P removed by the structure. Flow-through equations developed for predicting structure performance produced reasonable estimates of structure "lifetime" (16.8 mo). However, the equations overpredicted cumulative P removal. This was likely due to differences in pH, total Ca and Fe, and alkalinity between the slag used in the structure and the slag used for model development. This suggests the need for an overall model that can predict structure performance based on individual material properties. 相似文献
96.
97.
Organochlorines and eggshell thinning in northern gannets (Sula bassanus) from Eastern Canada, 1968-1984 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The northern gannets (Sula bassanus) nesting on Bonaventure Island, Quebec, were studied from 1968 to 1984 in order to measure environmental contaminant levels and their relationship to productivity. Fresh eggs in 1969 contained a mean DDE level of 18.5 mg kg(-1) and had shells which were 17% thinner than pre-1947 samples. Unhatched eggs in 1969 had no outer calcified layer, a mean thickness 20% less than the pre-1947 mean, and mean DDE concentration of 30.6 mg kg(-1). Significantly higher levels of eight contaminants were measured in unhatched than in fresh eggs collected in 1969. DDE and shell thinning were also intercorrelated with nine other contaminants; these data strongly implicate toxic chemicals, particularly DDE, as the main cause for the low breeding success of Bonaventure gannets from 1966 to 1974. Extensive use of DDT to control forest insects around the Gulf of St Lawrence ceased in 1969. Use of DDT, dieldrin and PCBs was restricted in North America during the early 1970s. Residues of DDT, DDD, DDE, PCBs, dieldrin, HCB and chlordane-related compounds in gannet eggs decreased significantly during this study. Heptachlor epoxide remained constant while alpha-HCH appeared to increase. Estimated half-lives ranged from 3.1 years for DDD to 35.4 years for oxychlordane. The breeding success and population of the colony have coincidentally increased. 相似文献
98.
Climate change and biodiversity loss show that the human–nature relationship is failing. That relationship can be measured through the construct of nature connectedness which is a key factor in pro-environmental behaviours and mental well-being. Country-level indicators of extinction of nature experience, consumption and commerce, use and control of nature and negativistic factors were selected. An exploratory analysis of the relationship between these metrics and nature connectedness across adult samples from 14 European countries was conducted (n = 14,745 respondents). The analysis provides insight into how affluence, technology and consumption are associated with the human–nature relationship. These findings motivate a comparison of how nature connectedness and composite indicators of prosperity, progress, development, and sustainability relate to indicators of human and nature’s well-being. In comparison to composite indexes, it is proposed that nature connectedness is a critical indicator of human and nature’s well-being needed to inform the transition to a sustainable future. 相似文献
99.
Environmental Fluid Mechanics - Reed Canarygrass (RCG) is an aggressive invader in aquatic ecosystems that swiftly modifies the environment, resulting in biodiversity loss and reduced flood... 相似文献
100.