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771.
Eric Bonds 《环境政策》2016,25(3):395-413
During the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, the US Department of Defense burned the majority of its solid waste in open-air pits or trenches, producing large amounts of potentially hazardous emissions. While journalists have covered stories of US service members who link their illnesses to these fumes, they have almost entirely ignored potential civilian impacts. However, satellite images demonstrate that pollution from open-air trash burning on US bases could not have impacted US personnel without also harming Iraqi and Afghan civilians living near bases, indicating that burn-pit pollution is an important, if unacknowledged, environmental justice issue. Content analysis of news articles shows the extent to which civilian impacts have been left out of mainstream US media reporting on burn-pit pollution. This selective attention is symptomatic of the way military violence is legitimated, which involves a complicit news media that typically overlooks the humanitarian impacts of war. 相似文献
772.
Understanding the conditions that enable or constrain success in environmental governance is crucial for developing effective interventions and adapting approaches. Efforts to achieve and assess success in environmental quality improvement are often impeded by changes in conditions that drive outcomes but lie outside the scope of intervention and monitoring. We document how long-term changes in land use, agriculture, and climate act as non-stationary, shifting drivers of change that combine to render water quality management interventions less effective and increasingly difficult to assess. Focusing on the Yahara River watershed of south-central Wisconsin, USA, we ask how baselines influence program modeling, monitoring, and evaluation, as well as adaptation in governance approach. Through historical trend, GIS, and policy and qualitative data analyses, we find that changes in long-term land use and precipitation pattern dynamics exert tremendous pressure on water quality outcomes but are not captured in snapshot baseline assessments used in management planning or evaluation. Specifically, agricultural sector change related to the intensification of milk and manure production is increasingly challenging to address through best management practices, and flashier precipitation associated with climate change makes it difficult to achieve goals and establish a causal connection between management interventions and outcomes. Analysis of shifting drivers demonstrates challenges facing environmental governance in the context of climatic and social–ecological change. We suggest that goal setting, program design, and evaluation incorporate new modes of analysis that address slowly changing and external determinants of success. 相似文献
773.
Pauline Jacquet David Daudé Janek Bzdrenga Patrick Masson Mikael Elias Eric Chabrière 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(9):8200-8218
Organophosphorus chemicals are highly toxic molecules mainly used as pesticides. Some of them are banned warfare nerve agents. These compounds are covalent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, a key enzyme in central and peripheral nervous systems. Numerous approaches, including chemical, physical, and biological decontamination, have been considered for developing decontamination methods against organophosphates (OPs). This work is an overview of both validated and emerging strategies for the protection against OP pollution with special attention to the use of decontaminating enzymes. Considerable efforts have been dedicated during the past decades to the development of efficient OP degrading biocatalysts. Among these, the promising biocatalyst SsoPox isolated from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus is emphasized in the light of recently published results. This hyperthermostable enzyme appears to be particularly attractive for external decontamination purposes with regard to both its catalytic and stability properties. 相似文献
774.
775.
Federico Antolini Eric Tate Brent Dalzell Nathan Young Kris Johnson Peter L. Hawthorne 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2020,56(1):161-179
Best management practices (BMPs) play an important role in improving impaired water quality from conventional row crop agriculture. In addition to reducing nutrient and sediment loads, BMPs such as fertilizer management, reduced tillage, and cover crops could alter the hydrology of agricultural systems and reduce surface water runoff. While attention is devoted to the water quality benefits of BMPs, the potential co‐benefits of flood loss reduction are often overlooked. This study quantifies the effects of selected commonly applied BMPs on expected flood loss to agricultural and urban areas in four Iowa watersheds. The analysis combines a watershed hydrologic model, hydraulic model outputs, and a loss estimation model to determine relationships between hydrologic changes from BMP implementations and annual economic flood loss. The results indicate a modest reduction in peak discharge and economic loss, although loss reduction is substantial when urban centers or other high‐value assets are located downstream in the watershed. Among the BMPs, wetlands, and cover crops reduce losses the most. The research demonstrates that watershed‐scale implementation of agricultural BMPs could provide benefits of flood loss reduction in addition to water quality improvements. 相似文献
776.
Edward G. Nagato Jessica C. D’eon Brian P. Lankadurai David G. Poirier Eric J. Reiner Andre J. Simpson Myrna J. Simpson 《Chemosphere》2013
Metal and metalloid contamination constitutes a major concern in aquatic ecosystems. Thus it is important to find rapid and reliable indicators of metal stress to aquatic organisms. In this study, we tested the use of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) – based metabolomics to examine the response of Daphnia magna neonates after a 48 h exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of arsenic (49 μg L−1), copper (12.4 μg L−1) or lithium (1150 μg L−1). Metabolomic responses for all conditions were compared to a control using principal component analysis (PCA) and metabolites that contributed to the variation between the exposures and the control condition were identified and quantified. The PCA showed that copper and lithium exposures result in statistically significant metabolite variations from the control. Contributing to this variation was a number of amino acids such as: phenylalanine, leucine, lysine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, methionine and glutamine as well as the nucleobase uracil and osmolyte glycerophosphocholine. The similarities in metabolome changes suggest that lithium has an analogous mode of toxicity to that of copper, and may be impairing energy production and ionoregulation. The PCA also showed that arsenic exposure resulted in a metabolic shift in comparison to the control population but this change was not statistically significant. However, significant changes in specific metabolites such as alanine and lysine were observed, suggesting that energy metabolism is indeed disrupted. This research demonstrates that 1H NMR-based metabolomics is a viable platform for discerning metabolomic changes and mode of toxicity of D. magna in response to metal stressors in the environment. 相似文献
777.
Eric W. Crabtree Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi Russell F. Dunn 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):616-626
ABSTRACT Pollution prevention is a major economic and environmental issue in the chemical processing industries. This paper addresses the design of cost-effective recovery systems for vaporous emissions, systems that allow environmentally sound recycling of the recovered components for re-use within the process as a means of pollution prevention. A methodology is proposed to design optimal hybrid systems that involve gas permeation membranes and vapor condensation systems. The design methodology is presented as a mixed-integer, nonlinear program. Based on a fixed structure of the system, a short-cut formulation is derived. Additionally, the incorporation of the system into the emerging mass integration methodology is presented. It is demonstrated, through an industrial case study, that hybrid membrane/condensation systems possess advantages over either separation technique alone. 相似文献
778.
Mark C. Meckes Lauren Drees Eric Saylor 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1119-1124
ABSTRACT The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Superfund Technical Assistance Response Team (START) in cooperation with EPA’s Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program evaluated a pilot scale solvent extraction process developed by CF-Systems. This process uses liquefied propane to extract organic contaminants from soils, sludges, and sediments. A pilot-scale evaluation was conducted in Golden, CO at Hazen Research, Inc., using CF-Systems’ trailer-mounted organics extraction unit. Approximately 1,000 pounds of soil, with an average poly-chlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentration of 260 mg/kg, was obtained from a remote Superfund site. Six 100-pound batches of the contaminated soil were extracted using multiple extraction sequences. Three of the six batch runs were subjected to three extraction sequences each, so that process variability could be evaluated. Results showed that PCB removal efficiencies varied between 91.4 and 99.4%, with the propane-extracted soils retaining low concentrations of PCBs (19.0–1.8 mg/kg). Removal efficiencies of oil and grease (O&G) were found to be 96.0 to 99.6% with propane-extracted soils retaining O&G concentrations from 279 to <20 mg/kg. Overall extraction efficiency was found to be dependant upon the numberof extraction cycles used. 相似文献
779.
780.
Eugene Kim Eric S. Edgerton 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):731-739
Abstract Data characterizing daily integrated particulate matter (PM) samples collected at the Jefferson Street monitoring site in Atlanta, GA, were analyzed through the application of a bilinear positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. A total of 662 samples and 26 variables were used for fine particle (particles ≤2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) samples (PM2.5 ), and 685 samples and 15 variables were used for coarse particle (particles between 2.5 and 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter) samples (PM10–2.5 ). Measured PM mass concentrations and compositional data were used as independent variables. To obtain the quantitative contributions for each source, the factors were normalized using PMF-apportioned mass concentrations. For fine particle data, eight sources were identified: SO4 2?-rich secondary aerosol (56%), motor vehicle (22%), wood smoke (11%), NO3 ?-rich secondary aerosol (7%), mixed source of cement kiln and organic carbon (OC) (2%), airborne soil (1%), metal recycling facility (0.5%), and mixed source of bus station and metal processing (0.3%). The SO4 2?-rich and NO3 ?-rich secondary aerosols were associated with NH4 +. The SO4 2?-rich secondary aerosols also included OC. For the coarse particle data, five sources contributed to the observed mass: airborne soil (60%), NO3 ?-rich secondary aerosol (16%), SO4 2?-rich secondary aerosol (12%), cement kiln (11%), and metal recycling facility (1%). Conditional probability functions were computed using surface wind data and identified mass contributions from each source. The results of this analysis agreed well with the locations of known local point sources. 相似文献