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891.
Gloria R. Leon Gro Mjeldheim Sandal Eric Larsen 《Journal of environmental psychology》2011,31(4):353-360
An overview of the physical, psychological, social, and coping aspects of living and working in polar regions is presented, assessing findings from both expedition teams and work groups. A personal narrative describing the experiences of a polar expeditioner is interspersed in relevant sections to provide a deeper understanding of the challenges of performing in an extreme environment. The application of findings from polar environments as an analog for space missions is discussed. We conclude that further research is needed on the integration of psychosocial and neurobehavioral adaptation. Furthermore, it is important to consider both the positive as well as negative features of living and working in polar and other extreme environments, and develop training strategies and countermeasure tools to optimize performance in these conditions. 相似文献
892.
Landscape--wildfire interactions in southern Europe: implications for landscape management 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Moreira F Viedma O Arianoutsou M Curt T Koutsias N Rigolot E Barbati A Corona P Vaz P Xanthopoulos G Mouillot F Bilgili E 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(10):2389-2402
Every year approximately half a million hectares of land are burned by wildfires in southern Europe, causing large ecological and socio-economic impacts. Climate and land use changes in the last decades have increased fire risk and danger. In this paper we review the available scientific knowledge on the relationships between landscape and wildfires in the Mediterranean region, with a focus on its application for defining landscape management guidelines and policies that could be adopted in order to promote landscapes with lower fire hazard. The main findings are that (1) socio-economic drivers have favoured land cover changes contributing to increasing fire hazard in the last decades, (2) large wildfires are becoming more frequent, (3) increased fire frequency is promoting homogeneous landscapes covered by fire-prone shrublands; (4) landscape planning to reduce fuel loads may be successful only if fire weather conditions are not extreme. The challenges to address these problems and the policy and landscape management responses that should be adopted are discussed, along with major knowledge gaps. 相似文献
893.
Akshay A. Gowardhan Eric R. Pardyjak Inanc Senocak Michael J. Brown 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2011,11(5):439-464
In many cities, ambient air quality is deteriorating leading to concerns about the health of city inhabitants. In urban areas
with narrow streets surrounded by clusters of tall buildings, called street canyons, air pollution from traffic emissions
and other sources may accumulate resulting in high pollutant concentrations. For various situations, including the evacuation
of populated areas in the event of an accidental or deliberate release of chemical, biological and radiological agents, it
is important that models should be developed that produce urban flow fields quickly. Various computational techniques have
been used to calculate these flow fields, but these techniques are often computationally intensive. Most fast response models
currently in use are at a disadvantage in these cases as they are unable to correlate highly heterogeneous urban structures
with the diagnostic parameterizations on which they are based. In this paper, a novel variant of the popular projection method
for solving the Navier–Stokes equations has been developed and applied to produce fast and reasonably accurate parallel computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solutions for flow in complex urban areas. This model, called QUIC-CFD represents an intermediate
balance between fast (on the order of minutes for a several block problem) and reasonably accurate solutions. This paper details
the solution procedure and validates this model for various simple and complex urban geometries. 相似文献
894.
Long-term monitoring programs emphasize power analysis as a tool to determine the sampling effort necessary to effectively document ecologically significant changes in ecosystems. Programs that monitor entire multispecies assemblages require a method for determining the power of multivariate statistical models to detect trend. We provide a method to simulate presence-absence species assemblage data that are consistent with increasing or decreasing directional change in species composition within multiple sites. This step is the foundation for using Monte Carlo methods to approximate the power of any multivariate method for detecting temporal trends. We focus on comparing the power of the Mantel test, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, and constrained analysis of principal coordinates. We find that the power of the various methods we investigate is sensitive to the number of species in the community, univariate species patterns, and the number of sites sampled over time. For increasing directional change scenarios, constrained analysis of principal coordinates was as or more powerful than permutational multivariate analysis of variance, the Mantel test was the least powerful. However, in our investigation of decreasing directional change, the Mantel test was typically as or more powerful than the other models. 相似文献
895.
Changes in climate and land use can impact natural systems across all levels of ecological organization. Most documented and anticipated effects consider species' properties, including phenologies, geographic distributions, and abundances. Responses of higher-level aggregate community or ecosystem properties have not been considered as they are assumed to be relatively stable due to compensatory dynamics and diversity-stability relationships. However, this assumption may not be as fundamental as previously thought. Here we assess stability in the aggregate properties of total abundance, biomass, and energy consumption for small-mammal communities in the Great Basin, using paired historical and modern survey data spanning nearly a century of environmental change. Results show marked declines in each aggregate property independent of spatial scale, elevation, or habitat type, and a reallocation of available biomass and energy favoring diet and habitat generalists. Because aggregate properties directly reflect resource availability, our findings indicate a regionwide decline in resources of 50% over the past century, which may signal a resource crisis. This work illustrates the power of using aggregate properties as indicators of ecological conditions and environmental change at broad spatial and temporal scales. 相似文献
896.
Problem
While observational before-after studies are considered the industry standard for developing crash modification factors (CMFs), there are practical limitations that may preclude their use in highway safety analysis. There is a need to explore alternative methods for estimating CMFs.Method
This paper employs case-control and cross-sectional analyses to estimate CMFs for fixed roadway lighting and the allocation of lane and shoulder widths.Results
Based on the case-control method, the CMF for intersection lighting is 0.886, while the cross-sectional study indicates a CMF of 0.881. The CMFs developed for lane and shoulder widths are also similar when comparing the two methods.Conclusions
This paper suggests that case-control and cross-sectional studies produce consistent results if care is taken in the study design and model development.Impact on industry
Case-control and cross-sectional studies may provide a viable alternative to estimate CMFs when a before-after study is impractical due to data restrictions. 相似文献897.
This exploratory case study examines how one hospital learned from an adverse event (AE), a medication overdose that seriously injured a patient. Using qualitative data analysis, we examined how four professional groups reacted to the AE: physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and representatives from the combined quality assurance and risk management departments. Following the AE, each professional group classified the event differently, assessed a different segment of history, made decisions about different issues, and chose different courses of action. Despite these differences, the physician, nursing and pharmacy management teams all decided on which solutions to implement before the first root cause analysis meeting was convened. Indeed, to understand how the hospital implemented changes in the aftermath of the AE, it was necessary to examine the learning from near misses and other warnings that preceded it. This case highlights the importance of the politics of organizational learning and raises theoretical and practical questions about how hospitals learn from potential and actual adverse events. 相似文献
898.
899.
Idowu Ajibade Frederick Ato Armah Vincent Zubedaar Kuuire Isaac Luginaah Gordon McBean Eric Y. Tenkorang 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(3):445-463
This paper explores the complex heterogeneous experiences of flood impacts based on a bio-psychosocial model of socio-economic, demographic, behavioural and environmental factors. Using ordinary least squares regression on a cross-sectional survey of 1003 individuals, flood impacts in three contiguous coastal neighbourhoods in Lagos, Nigeria, were modelled. The results show that approximately 52% of the variability in flood impact was accounted for by education, age, family structure, ethnicity, personal health concern and income. While involvement in coping was not a significant predictor of flood impacts, relocation emerged as a strong predictor. The inclusion of behavioural factors did not change the magnitude and significance of the relationship between demographic factors and flood impacts. However, the effects of age, education and personal health concern disappeared when environmental factors were controlled. The overall importance of the predictors for determining flood impact in decreasing order is as follows: income > coping strategies > ethnicity = participation in community development > family structure > personal health concerns > housing quality > reasons for living in residential locality > neighbourhood vulnerability to flood > housing vulnerability to flood. 相似文献
900.
Russell Jones Constance Travers Charles Rodgers Brian Lazar Eric English Joshua Lipton Jason Vogel Kenneth Strzepek Jeremy Martinich 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2013,18(6):731-758
We estimated the biological and economic impacts of climate change on freshwater fisheries in the United States (U.S.). Changes in stream temperatures, flows, and the spatial extent of suitable thermal habitats for fish guilds were modeled for the coterminous U.S. using a range of projected changes in temperature and precipitation caused by increased greenhouse gases (GHGs). Based on modeled shifts in available thermal habitat for fish guilds, we estimated potential economic impacts associated with changes in freshwater recreational fishing using a national-scale economic model of recreational fishing behavior. In general, the spatial distribution of coldwater fisheries is projected to contract, being replaced by warm/cool water and high-thermally tolerant, lower recreational priority (i.e., “rough”) fisheries. Changes in thermal habitat suitability become more pronounced under higher emissions scenarios and at later time periods. Under the highest GHG emissions scenario, by year 2100 habitat for coldwater fisheries is projected to decline by roughly 50 % and be largely confined to mountainous areas in the western U.S. and very limited areas of New England and the Appalachians. The economic model projects a decline in coldwater fishing days ranging from 1.25 million in 2030 to 6.42 million by 2100 and that the total present value of national economic losses to freshwater recreational fishing from 2009 to 2100 could range from $81 million to $6.4 billion, depending on the emissions scenario and the choice of discount rate. 相似文献