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91.
Nanoparticle aggregation: challenges to understanding transport and reactivity in the environment 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Unique forms of manufactured nanomaterials, nanoparticles, and their suspensions are rapidly being created by manipulating properties such as shape, size, structure, and chemical composition and through incorporation of surface coatings. Although these properties make nanomaterial development interesting for new applications, they also challenge the ability of colloid science to understand nanoparticle aggregation in the environment and the subsequent effects on nanomaterial transport and reactivity. This review briefly covers aggregation theory focusing on Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeak (DLVO)-based models most commonly used to describe the thermodynamic interactions between two particles in a suspension. A discussion of the challenges to DLVO posed by the properties of nanomaterials follows, along with examples from the literature. Examples from the literature highlighting the importance ofaggregation effects on transport and reactivity and risk of nanoparticles in the environment are discussed. 相似文献
92.
Kaisarevic S Hilscherova K Weber R Sundqvist KL Tysklind M Voncina E Bobic S Andric N Pogrmic-Majkic K Vojinovic-Miloradov M Giesy JP Kovacevic R 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(4):677-686
Purpose
Combinatorial bio/chemical approach was applied to investigate dioxin-like contamination of soil and sediment at the petrochemical and organochlorine plant in Pancevo, Serbia, after the destruction of manufacturing facilities that occurred in the spring of 1999 and subsequent remediation actions.Materials and methods
Soil samples were analyzed for indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by gas chromatography/electron capture detection (GC/ECD). Prioritized soil sample and sediment samples from the waste water channel were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Microethoxyresorufin o-deethylase (Micro-EROD) and H4IIE?Cluciferase bioassays were used for monitoring of dioxin-like compounds (DLC) and for better characterization of dioxin-like activity of soil samples.Results
Bioanalytical results indicated high dioxin-like activity in one localized soil sample, while the chemical analysis confirmed the presence of large quantities of DLC: 3.0?×?105 ng/g d.w. of seven-key PCBs, 8.2 ng/g d.w. of PCDD/Fs, and 3.0?×?105 ng/g d.w. of planar and mono-ortho PCBs. In the sediment, contaminant concentrations were in the range 2?C8 ng/g d.w. of PCDD/Fs and 9?C20 ng/g d.w. of PCBs.Conclusions
This study demonstrates the utility of combined application of bioassays and instrumental analysis, especially for developing and transition country which do not have capacity of the expensive instrumental analysis. The results indicate the high contamination of soil in the area of petrochemical plant, and PCDD/Fs contamination of the sediment from the waste water channel originating from the ethylene dichloride production. 相似文献93.
Marco-Urrea E Parella T Gabarrell X Caminal G Vicent T Adinarayana Reddy C 《Chemosphere》2008,70(3):404-410
The white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor degraded trichloroethylene (TCE), a highly oxidized chloroethene, and produced 2,2,2-trichloroethanol and carbon dioxide as the main products of degradation, based on the results obtained using [13C]-TCE as the substrate. For a range of concentrations of TCE between 2 and 20 mg l(-1), 53% of the theoretical maximum chloride expected from complete degradation of TCE was observed. Laccase was shown to be induced by TCE, but did not appear to play a role in TCE degradation. Cytochrome P-450 appears to be involved in TCE degradation, as evidenced by marked inhibition of degradation of TCE in the presence of 1-aminobenzotriazole, a known inhibitor of cytochrome P-450. Our results suggested that chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde) was an intermediate of the TCE degradation pathway. The results indicate that the TCE degradation pathway in T. versicolor appears to be similar to that previously reported in mammals and is mechanistically quite different from bacterial TCE degradation. 相似文献
94.
Dickinson Katherine L. Monaghan Andrew J. Rivera Isaac J. Hu Leiqiu Kanyomse Ernest Alirigia Rex Adoctor James Kaspar Rachael E. Oduro Abraham Rexford Wiedinmyer Christine 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(3):915-928
Regional Environmental Change - Local perspectives on changing weather and climate and analyses of meteorological data represent two different but potentially complementary ways of knowing about... 相似文献
95.
Aloo Becky Nancy Mbega Ernest Rashid Makumba Billy Amendi Tumuhairwe John Baptist 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(43):60406-60424
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Conventional agriculture relies heavily on chemical pesticides and fertilizers to control plant pests and diseases and improve production.... 相似文献
96.
Scavengers, an important and legitimate group especially in developing countries, seem to have been virtually ignored by local municipalities in formulating solid waste management policies. Using researcher-administrated survey and semi-structured interviews, this study provides comprehensive information about human landfill scavengers in Kampala, Uganda, a developing nation. The results showed that the human scavengers consider waste picking as a full-time employment and not as a transitory form of urban employment. Also, the scavengers live in residential areas and not in squatter villages around the landfill. Scavengers’ exposure to flies is noted to be relatively high. The respondents do not engage in fierce competition involving pushing one another and that they often leave the collected items on the landfill without the concern of having the materials stolen. The relatively high level of trust among the scavengers can serve as a spring board for establishing scavengers’ cooperatives. 相似文献
97.
Adsorption of arsenic and chromium by mixed magnetite and maghemite nanoparticles from aqueous solution is a promising technology. In the present batch experimental study, a commercially grade nano-size ‘magnetite’, later identified in laboratory characterization to be mixed magnetite–maghemite nanoparticles, was used in the uptake of arsenic and chromium from different water samples. The intent was to identify or develop a practical method for future groundwater remediation. The results of the study showed 96–99% arsenic and chromium uptake under controlled pH conditions. The maximum arsenic adsorption occurred at pH 2 with values of 3.69 mg/g for arsenic(III) and 3.71 mg/g for arsenic(V) when the initial concentration was kept at 1.5 mg/L for both arsenic species, while chromium(VI) concentration was 2.4 mg/g at pH 2 with an initial chromium(VI) concentration of 1 mg/L. Thus magnetite–maghemite nanoparticles can readily adsorb arsenic and chromium in an acidic pH range. Redox potential and pH data helped to infer possible dominating species and oxidation states of arsenic and chromium in solution. The results also showed the limitation of arsenic and chromium uptake by the nano-size magnetite–maghemite mixture in the presence of a competing anion such as phosphate. At a fixed adsorbent concentration of 0.4 g/L, arsenic and chromium uptake decreased with increasing phosphate concentration. Nano-size magnetite–maghemite mixed particles adsorbed less than 50% arsenic from synthetic water containing more than 3 mg/L phosphate and 1.2 mg/L of initial arsenic concentration, and less than 50% chromium from synthetic water containing more than 5 mg/L phosphate and 1.0 mg/L of chromium(VI). In natural groundwater containing more than 5 mg/L phosphate and 1.13 mg/L of arsenic, less than 60% arsenic uptake was achieved. In this case, it is anticipated that an optimum design with magnetite–maghemite nanoparticles may achieve high arsenic uptake in field applications. 相似文献
98.
99.
Iloweka EM 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2004,99(1-3):245-250
The Lower Congo is one of eleven provinces in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and is located southwest of Kinshasa Town
Province. It has an area of approximately 53.947 km2 with a population of 1 504 361 at an estimated 237 persons per km2. The Province comprises five districts, including Lukaya and Cataracts where rural poverty is severe and the population struggle
to make a living through agriculture and woodcutting. These activities result in excessive resource exploitation. The high
demand for foodstuffs and the high consumption of wood (for energy, construction and export) in Kinshasa, the capital city
of the Democratic Republic of Congo and the expanding towns of Matadi and Boma in the Lower Congo Province, are speeding the
deforestation rate and unbalancing forest ecosystems. In addition there is the stress resulting from reduced josher (the rest period for agriculture ground), plus climate change and erosion. The phenomena that that we need to address in
these two districts include deforestation, reduced josher, excessive agriculture, erosion, burning and climate change which
taken together largely explain the current soil degradation. These areas are marked by excessive post deforestation savannah
formation and extended areas of sandy soil, distributed throughout grass and shrub savannahs. This desertification, which
is rampant in Lukaya and Cataracts, risks imprisoning the rural population in a vicious cycle of poverty if adequate solutions
are not found. 相似文献
100.
J. Ernest Flack 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1980,16(1):139-141
ABSTRACT: Increasing costs and competition for water have resulted in pressure to manage urban water demand through conservation programs. Metering, pricing, devices, restrictions, building code changes, and horticultural practices have all been effective in reducing average residential water use. Some conservation means are specifically aimed at reducing peak demands but these usually reduce average usage as well. Combined programs of conservation can be expected to reduce urban demand by as much as 25–30 percent over the long term. Restrictions can reduce water usage on the short term even further. The success of conservation programs is as dependent on the effectiveness of public education and information dissemination as on the conservation practices themselves. 相似文献