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261.
Eight sediment samples collected between Hamburg and Cuxhaven were analysed for organic micropollutants. Using three different methods the following compounds were determined: α-HCH, γ-HCH, HCB, PCB, DDT-family, pentachlorobenzene and octachlorostyrene. 相似文献
262.
263.
264.
Ted L. Ernst Nancy C. Leibowitz Denis Roose Steve Stehman N. Scott Urquhart 《Environmental management》1995,19(1):99-113
The United States Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) will monitor the
nation's resources by evaluating the status and trends of selected indicators of condition using a probability-based sampling
design. The EMAP-Wetlands program will monitor the condition of the nation's wetlands. The EMAP classification system is an
aggregation of the many subclasses of the US Fish and Wildlife Service's National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) classification
system. This aggregation results in fewer wetland classes with more wetlands per class than the NWI system. Aggregation of
the NWI classification was based primarily on dominant vegetation cover, flooding regimes, dominant water source, and adjacency
to rivers and lakes. We evaluated the EMAP classification system and sampling design using NWI digital wetlands data for portions
of Illinois, Washington, North Dakota, and South Dakata. Relative numbers of wetlands, total areas, average areas, and common
versus rare classes were compared between the EMAP and NWI classification systems. As expected, the EMAP classification provided
fewer wetland polygons, each with larger areas, without altering total wetland area. Summary statistics comparing sample estimates
to true population parameters (represented by the NWI data) demonstrated the effectiveness of the EMAP sampling design with
the exception of rare EMAP classes in the selected regions. Although simple random sampling is inadequate for both large and
small wetlands, the EMAP sampling design is readily adapted to provide better estimates for these categories. Aggregating
the NWI classification to the EMAP classification provides fewer wetland classes, with more wetlands per class, for EMAP's
annual reports and statistical summaries.
The research in this report has been funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under contracts 68-C8-0006
to ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc. and 68-03-3532 to The Bionetics Corporation. Mention of trade names does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use. 相似文献
265.
Based on intergroup theory, this study examined relationships among group characteristics (racioethnicity, gender, and level), contextual organizational unit characteristics (gender and racioethnic heterogeneity, resource support for women and racioethnic minorities) and perceptions of diversity climate by faculty at a large university. Compared to white men, white women and racioethnic minorities placed greater value on employer efforts to promote diversity, and held more favorable attitudes about the qualifications of women and racioethnic minorities. The study found that group rather than contextual organizational unit characteristics were more strongly related to diversity climate. However, the organizational unit characteristic, gender heterogeneity, was significantly related to valuing diversity. The greater the ratio of women in a unit, regardless of the respondents' gender, racioethnicity or level, the more favorable diversity activities were viewed. In addition, units whose allocation of resources to racioethnic minorities were perceived as insufficient by respondents were more likely to have members who valued diversity and held favorable perceptions toward the qualifications of racioethnic minorities. Implications for organizations and future research are offered. 相似文献
266.
Geyer HJ Schramm KW Feicht EA Behechti A Steinberg C Brüggemann R Poiger H Henkelmann B Kettrup A 《Chemosphere》2002,48(6):631-644
The elimination half-lives (t1/2) in Sprague-Dawley rats for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 1,2, 3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) were estimated in long-term studies by Schlatter, Poiger and others. Furthermore, there are some published half-lives of TCDD in adult humans. The average half-life of TCDD in adult humans is approximately 2840 days, while in Sprague-Dawley rats the average t1/2 of TCDD is 19 days. The t1/2 of TCDD in humans is about 150 times that of rats. This factor was used to calculate the t1/2 values of the other polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in humans from the rat data. Furthermore, the terminal t1/2 values of PCDDs in adult humans were calculated from the regression equation: logt1/2H = 1.34 logt1/2R + 1.25 which was recently established for 50 xenobiotics (t1/2H = terminal half-lives in days for humans, t1/2R = terminal half-lives in days for rats). The following terminal half-lives in adult humans were obtained: 12.6 years for 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 26-45 years for 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD, 80-102 years for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and ca. 112-132 years for OCDD. These half-lives of PCDDs are critically compared with measured t1/2 values of PCDDs and other persistent organic pollutants in rats, monkeys and humans. 相似文献
267.
Index of Alien Impact: A Method for Evaluating Potential Ecological Impact of Alien Plant Species 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Teresa K. Magee Paul L. Ringold Michael A. Bollman Ted L. Ernst 《Environmental management》2010,45(4):759-778
Alien plant species are stressors to ecosystems and indicators of reduced ecosystem integrity. The magnitude of the stress
reflects not only the quantity of aliens present, but also the quality of their interactions with native ecosystems. We develop
an Index of Alien Impact (IAI) to estimate the collective ecological impact of in situ alien species. IAI summarizes the frequency of occurrence and potential
ecological impact (Invasiveness-Impact Score (I
i
)) of individual alien species for all aliens present in a particular location or community type. A component metric, I
i
, is based on ecological species traits (life history, ecological amplitude, and ability to alter ecosystem processes) that
reflect mechanisms, which can increase impact to ecosystem structure and function. While I
i
is less complex than some other multi-metric rankings of alien impact, it compares well to these metrics and to qualitative
judgments. IAI can be adapted for different ecological settings by modifying the set of species traits incorporated in I
i
to reflect properties likely to breach biotic and abiotic barriers or alter ecosystem function in a particular region or
community type of interest. To demonstrate our approach, we created versions of IAI and I
i
, applicable to the diverse streamside vegetation of a river basin (19,631 km2) spanning low-elevation arid to mesic montane habitats in eastern Oregon, USA. In this demonstration effort, we (1) evaluate
relationships of IAI to metrics describing invasion level, and (2) illustrate the potential utility of IAI for prioritizing
alien species management activities and informing restoration goals. 相似文献
268.
269.
A coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model, ECHAM5-MPIOM, was used to study the multicompartmental cycling and long-range transport of persistent and semivolatile organics. Multiphase systems in air and ocean are covered by submodels for atmospheric aerosols, HAM, and marine biogeochemistry, HAMOCC5, respectively. The model, furthermore, encompasses 2D surface compartments, i.e. top soil, vegetation surfaces and sea-ice. The total environmental fate of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH, lindane) and dichlorophenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in agriculture were studied.DDT is mostly present in the soils, the water-soluble γ-HCH in soils and ocean. DDT has the longest residence time in almost all compartments. Quasi-steady state with regard to substance accumulation is reached within a few years in air and vegetation surfaces. In seawater the partitioning to suspended and sinking particles contributes to the vertical transport of substances. On the global scale deep water formation is, however, found to be more efficient. Up to 30% of DDT but only less than 0.2% of γ-HCH in seawater are stored in particulate matter.On the time scale studied (1 decade) and on global scale substance transport in the environment is determined by the fast atmospheric circulation. The meridional transport mechanism, for both compounds, is significantly enhanced by multi-hopping. Net meridional transport in the ocean is effective only regionally, mostly by currents along the western boundaries of Africa and the Americas. The total environmental burdens of the substances experience a net northward migration from their source regions, which is more pronounced for DDT than for γ-HCH. Due to the application distribution, however, after 10 years of simulation 21% of the global environmental burden of γ-HCH and 12% of DDT have accumulated in the Arctic. 相似文献
270.
Ruiz-Chancho MJ López-Sánchez JF Schmeisser E Goessler W Francesconi KA Rubio R 《Chemosphere》2008,71(8):1522-1530
Concentrations of total arsenic and of arsenic species were determined by ICPMS and HPLC-ICPMS in terrestrial plant samples. The arsenic concentration in plant samples from the contaminated sites ranged from 1.14 to 98.5 mg kg(-1) (dry mass). However, a very high value, exceeding largely this range was found in a moss sample growing in the contaminated area (1750 mg kg(-1)). Plants growing in a non-contaminated area with similar geological characteristics contained 0.06-0.58 mg As kg(-1). Plant samples from different species were selected and extracted with water, water/methanol (9+1, v/v), and water/methanol (1+1, v/v). Water/methanol (9+1, v/v) was selected as extractant for the speciation analysis for all the plant samples. The extraction efficiencies ranged from 3.0% to 41.4%, with good agreement between samples from the same plant species. Arsenite and/or arsenate were found in all the plant samples. Additionally, methylarsonate (MA), dimethylarsinate (DMA), trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) and tetramethylarsonium ion (TETRA) were also identified in several plants, and in some cases MA and DMA were the main species found. TMAO, which is usually found as a trace constituent in organisms, was also a significant arsenical in one of the studied samples, where it constituted 24% of the extracted arsenic. In the present study, the patterns of arsenic species varied with the plant species and much higher proportion of organoarsenicals was found in plants from the more contaminated sites. 相似文献