Short-term inhalation exposure evaluations of airborne antibiotic resistance genes in environments

Antibiotic resistance is a sword of Damocles that hangs over humans. In regards to airborne antibiotic resistance genes (AARGs), critical knowledge gaps still exist in the identification of hotspots and quantification of exposure levels in different environments. Here, we have studied the profiles of AARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and bacterial communities in various atmospheric environments by high throughput qPCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We propose a new AARGs exposure dose calculation that uses short-term inhalation (STI). Swine farms and hospitals were high-risk areas where AARGs standardised abundance was more abundant than suburbs and urban areas. Additionally, resistance gene abundance in swine farm worker sputum was higher than that in healthy individuals in other environments. The correlation between AARGs with MGEs and bacteria was strong in suburbs but weak in livestock farms and hospitals. STI exposure analysis revealed that occupational intake of AARGs (via PM₁₀) in swine farms and hospitals were 110 and 29 times higher than in suburbs, were 1.5 × 10⁴, 5.6 × 10⁴ and 5.1 × 10² copies, i.e., 61.9%, 75.1% and 10.7% of the overall daily inhalation intake, respectively. Our study comprehensively compares environmental differences in AARGs to identify high-risk areas, and forwardly proposes the STI exposure dose of AARGs to guide risk assessment.     

Evidence on the causes of the rising levels of CODMn along the middle route of the South-to-North Diversion Project in China: The role of algal dissolved organic matter

As the biggest inter-basin water transfer scheme in the world,the South-to-North Water Diversion Project（SNWD） was designed to alleviate the water crisis in North China.The main channel of the middle route of the SNWD is of great concern in terms of the drinking water quality.In this study,we tested the hypothesis that the dissolved organic matter（DOM） derived from the planktonic algae causes the rising levels of COD_Mn along the middle route by monitoring data on water quality（2015-20...     

我国重型柴油货车黑碳排放影响因素分析

柴油车的黑碳排放对空气质量和气候变化有重要影响,但我国柴油车黑碳排放清单编制仍有较大局限性. 为进一步提高柴油车黑碳排放清单编制精度,采用整车转毂台架和热光折射的方法研究不同排放标准、行驶工况和负载状况对重型柴油货车黑碳排放的影响. 结果表明:我国排放标准升级对重型柴油货车的黑碳排放有重要影响,从国Ⅰ、国Ⅱ排放标准升级到国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ和国Ⅴ排放标准,黑碳在颗粒物中的占比由41%左右逐步提至72%左右. 行驶工况对重型柴油货车的黑碳排放也有一定影响,车辆在C-WTVC (中国重型商用车燃料消耗量测试工况)下的黑碳排放占比较VECC (重型车典型道路行驶工况)下高5%~10%. 与半载状态相比,重型柴油货车在满载状态下黑碳排放占比更高,国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ重型柴油货车满载状态下黑碳排放占比较半载状态高7%~8%,国Ⅱ重型柴油货车满载状态下黑碳排放占比较半载状态高15%左右. 研究显示,柴油货车黑碳排放清单编制要综合考虑排放标准、驾驶特征、负荷状况等对黑碳排放的影响,不宜使用固定系数利用颗粒物排放因子外推黑碳排放因子.      

基于随机森林的南京市PM2.5和O3对减排的响应

自2013年《大气污染防治行动计划》实施后,南京市大气污染有所改善,但仍面临着细颗粒物(PM_2.5)和臭氧(O₃)污染问题.为探究污染物浓度对其前体物减排的响应,获得有效的减排策略,常利用大气化学模式进行多组基于排放扰动的敏感性试验,而这需要消耗大量计算时间和计算资源.应用随机森林算法对2015年大气化学传输模式(GEOS-Chem)模拟结果进行机器学习,高效地预测了南京2019年PM_2.5浓度日均值和日最大8 h臭氧(MDA8 O₃)浓度对不同人为源排放控制情景的响应.随机森林结果表明2019年中国人为排放每减少10%,南京ρ(PM_2.5)季节平均值下降2～4μg·m^-3.当2019年中国人为源减排比例高于20%时,南京ρ(PM_2.5)年均值将低于国家二级限值(35μg·m^-3).若仅对中国地区O₃前体物氮氧化物(NO_x)和挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)同比例减排,反而...     

复合污染条件下人为源VOCs的SOA生成研究进展

大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)仍是我国空气质量持续改善的重大挑战.近年来,二次有机气溶胶(SOA)对PM_2.5的贡献日益凸显.因此,深入认识复合污染条件下SOA生成机制和影响因素可以为进一步降低PM_2.5提供重要理论依据.实验室模拟是深入认识SOA生成机制的关键途径,也是模式模拟参数化方案的可靠来源之一.主要综述了我国多污染物共存条件下典型人为源挥发性有机物(VOCs)的SOA生成研究进展,包括汽油蒸气VOCs、生物质燃烧VOCs和含氧VOCs形成SOA过程中,前体物浓度、芳香烃含量、无机气体、种子气溶胶和相对湿度(RH)等不同因素对SOA生成的影响;阐述了实际大气VOCs的SOA生成潜势及其影响因素,最后提出了目前在SOA机制研究方面存在的关键科学问题,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

生物炭施用对黄壤土壤养分及酶活性的影响

生物炭因其具有特殊的理化性质,作为土壤改良剂或调理剂被广泛应用于改善土壤质量;土壤养分与土壤酶活性是表征土壤质量化学性质和生物学性质的重要指标.采用大田试验,研究生物炭不同施用水平：0（CK）、5（B5）、10（B10）、20（B20）和50（B50） t·hm^-2对黄壤养分和土壤酶活性的影响,运用结构方程模型（SEM）定量分析生物炭处理对土壤养分和酶活性的直接或间接影响及其作用大小.结果表明,生物炭显著增加土壤pH值、电导率、有机碳、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾（P<0.05）;随生物炭施用量的增加,土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性先增加后降低,磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性增加（P<0.05）;B10处理下,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性均达到最大值,蔗糖酶活性也相对较高.随生物炭作用时间增加,土壤pH值、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均增加,而电导率和有机碳与之相反;过氧化氢酶活性降低,脲酶和磷酸酶活性升高,蔗糖酶活性无明显变化规律.SEM结果显示,生物炭施用对过氧化氢酶具有直接的负效应;通过提升pH、电导率、有机碳和碱解氮含量间接影响过氧化氢酶活性,通过提升pH和电导率间接促进蔗糖酶活性,通过提高电导率以及碱解氮和有效磷含量间接增加磷酸酶活性.综上,生物炭施用量及作用时间显著影响土壤养分含量,进而间接作用于土壤酶活性;酸性黄壤施用10 t·hm^-2的生物炭较为适宜.     

Precise and Economical Dredging Model of Sediments and Its Field Application: Case Study of a River Heavily Polluted by Organic Matter,Nitrogen, and Phosphorus

Environmental dredging is an efficient means to counteract the eutrophication of water bodies caused by endogenous release of nitrogen and/or phosphorus from polluted sediments. The huge operational cost and subsequent disposal cost of the dredged polluted sediments, as well as the adverse effect on the benthic environment caused by excessive dredging, make the currently adopted dredging methods unfavorable. Precise dredging, i.e., determining the dredging depth based on the pollution level, not only significantly decreases the costs but also leaves a uniform favorable environment for benthos. However, there is still no feasible process to make this promising method executable. Taking a river heavily polluted by organic compounds as an example, we proposed an executable precise dredging process, including sediment survey, model establishment, data interpolation, and calculation of dredging amount. Compared with the traditional dredging method, the precise one would save 16 to 45 % of cost according to different pollutant removal demands. This precise dredging method was adopted by the National Water Project of China to treat the endogenous pollution of Nanfei River in 2010. This research provides a universal scientific and engineering basis for sediment dredging projects.     

我国农业面源污染的控制与管理研究

主要通过我国污染源普查和2013年环境公报介绍了我国农业面源污染的现状,并从土壤侵蚀、农业化肥及农药、畜禽粪尿污染、农村生活污水和固体废弃物垃圾、大气干湿沉降、航运污染等方面介绍了我国污染源农业面源污染的成因,结合对土地利用方式、农业活动和田间管理、畜禽粪便及垃圾污染、社会经济因素等农业面源污染的影响因素的分析,分别从技术措施、法律措施和经济措施3方面入手提出了我国面源污染的控制和管理措施。     

射频识别(RFID)系统中的电磁兼容问题分析

随着RFID技术在各个领域的广泛应用,其面临的电磁兼容问题逐渐显现出来。对RFID中电磁兼容问题的分析是解决RFID中电磁兼容问题的前提。论文首先总结出了RFID系统内部存在的主要电磁兼容问题,然后分析了RFID在应用中产生的辐射问题及它与其他系统之间的相互干扰问题,最后归纳总结出了目前对RFID中电磁兼容问题进行研究的方法,及解决RFID中电磁兼容问题的具体措施。     

江苏省铅蓄电池行业环保现状及对策

近年来铅蓄电池行业血铅污染事件引发了社会各界群众的高度关注,国家和地方也陆续颁布和实施了一系列控制重金属污染的法规政策,将铅蓄电池行业推向了改革的风口浪尖。经过几年的初步改革,虽然相关企业的环保行为有所提升,但与国家和地方的要求仍存在不小差距。以江苏省现有规模以上铅蓄电池生产企业为研究对象,深入剖析各企业在环境保护方面存在的突出问题,有针对性的提出环保发展对策,为全省乃至全国铅蓄电池行业的综合整治和产业升级指明方向,具有重要的现实意义。