Effect of current emission abatement strategies on air quality improvement in China: A case study of Baotou, a typical industrial city in Inner Mongolia

The nationalAirPollutionPreventionandControlActionPlanrequiredsignificant decreases inPM2.5 levels overChina.Toexploremoreeffectiveemissionabatement strategies inindustrialcities,acasestudywasconductedinBaotoutoevaluatethecurrent national controlmeasures.ThetotalemissionsofSO2, NOX, PM2.5 and NMVOC (non-methanevolatileorganiccompounds)inBaotouwere211.2Gg,156.1Gg,28.8Gg, and 48.5Gg,respectivelyin2013,andtheywouldexperienceareductionof30.4%,26.6%, 15.1%, and8.7%,respectivelyin2017and39.0%,32.0%,24.4%,and12.9%,respectivelyin 2020. TheSO2, NOX and PM2.5 emissionsfromtheindustrialsectorwouldexperiencea greater decrease,withreductionsof37%,32.7and24.3%,respectively.From2013to2020, the concentrationsofSO2, NO2, andPM2.5 are expectedtodeclinebyapproximately30%, 10% and14.5%,respectively.ThereductionrateofSNA(sulfate,nitrateandammonium) concentrationswassignificantlyhigherthanthatofPM2.5 in 2017,implyingthatthecurrent key strategytowardcontrollingairpollutantsfromtheindustrialsectorismorepowerful for SNA.Althoughairpollutioncontrolmeasuresimplementedintheindustrialsector could greatlyreducetotalemissions,constrainingtheemissionsfromlowersourcessuch as residentialcoalcombustionwouldbemoreeffectiveindecreasingtheconcentrationof PM2.5 from 2017to2020.Theseresultssuggestthatevenforatypicalindustrialcity,the reduction ofPM2.5 concentrationsnotonlyrequiresdecreasesinemissionsfromthe industrial sector,butalsofromthelowemissionsources.Theseasonalvariationinsulfate concentrationalsoshowedthatemissionfromcoal-burningisthekeyfactortocontrol during theheatingseason.     

APEC会议期间石家庄市大气污染特征及空气质量保障措施效果评估

为研究2014年APEC会议期间(11月1—11日)石家庄市大气污染特征并评估空气质量保障措施效果,对处理不同功能区的封龙山站(背景站)、人民会堂站(市区站)、高新区站(开发区站)的ρ(SO₂)、ρ(NO₂)、ρ(CO)、ρ(O₃)、ρ(PM_2.5)、ρ(PM₁₀)进行分析,对比了各站点APEC会中与会后、APEC会议期间与2013年同期的空气质量等级状况及污染物质量浓度的变化. 结果表明:2014年APEC会议期间石家庄市整体空气质量好于2013年同期,除O₃外,其余各大气污染物的质量浓度均有明显降低,其中封龙山站的ρ(SO₂)、ρ(NO₂)、ρ(CO)、ρ(PM_2.5)、ρ(PM₁₀)较2013年同期分别下降了55.1%、22.9%、16.7%、36.8%、31.0%,人民会堂站的降幅分别为35.5%、28.0%、32.6%、36.9%、56.2%,高新区站的降幅分别为49.4%、26.6%、16.5%、32.9%、53.5%. 应急减排措施也使各站点的首要污染物发生了明显变化,其中扬尘控制措施有效遏制了PM₁₀对于市区站和高新区站的影响,而对于高架源的控制也有效降低了背景站的SO₂污染水平. 结合后向气流轨迹和气象图分析发现,尽管2014年APEC会议期间石家庄市的气象条件较2013年同期更不利于污染物扩散(污染气象指数等级高、气团滞留时间长),但通过地方政府采取的一系列应急减排措施,其空气质量仍有明显改善.      

固定化SRB吸附乳酸钠的动力学及再生动力学研究

用聚乙烯醇包埋硫酸盐还原菌(SRB),探讨固定化SRB小球的动力学规律及再生动力学控制机理,同时利用膜扩散控制模型与粒内扩散控制模型,描述固定化SRB小球循环吸附乳酸钠的动力学过程,计算出不同条件下的膜扩散系数D/δ和粒内扩散系数D的值.通过对固定化SRB小球吸附乳酸钠的动力学和再生动力学研究,为固定化SRB小球的营养源吸附与再生工艺参数的确定提供理论依据.     

Composition and crystal structure of N doped TiO2 film deposited at different O2 flow rate by direct current sputtering

N doped Ti0₂ films were deposited by direct current pulse magnetron sputtering system at room temperature. The influence of 0₂ flow rate on the crystal structure of deposited films was studied by Stylus profilometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometer. The results indicate that the 0₂ flow rate strongly controls the growth behavior and crystal structure of N doped Ti0₂ film. It is found that N element mainly exists as substitutional doped state and the chemical stiochiometry is near to TiO_1.68±0.06N_0.11±0.01 for all film samples. N doped Ti0₂ film deposited with 2 sccm (standard-state cubic centimeter per minute) 0₂ flow rate is amorphous structure with high growth rate, which contains both anatase phase and rutile phase crystal nucleuses. In this case, the film displays the mix-phase of anatase and rutile after annealing treatment. While N doped Ti0₂ film deposited with 12 cm³/min 0₂ flow rate displays anatase phase before and after annealing treatment. And it should be noticed that no TiN phase appears for all samples before and after annealing treatment.     

常州市备用水源地选址制约因素及对策研究

常州市位于太湖流域腹地,其生产生活用水均取自长江,目前总制水能力基本能满足用水需求,但供水水源单一,存有较大的安全隐患。建设备用水源,提高城市供水系统安全性是目前常州市亟待解决的重要问题。新孟河是连接长江,南北贯穿全市、输送水量较大的清水通道河流。现拟结合新孟河延伸拓浚工程的实施,将新孟河作为城市应急备用水源。本文在调查备用水源地周边环境概况、地表水环境质量现状、底泥质量现状的基础上,分析了该区域作为备用水源地可能存在的制约因素,并提出了相应对策,为常州市备用水源地建设提供了合理化建议。     

绿色导向下的光伏产业环境污染控制进展研究

光伏发电技术具有环保和节约能源的特点,在光伏组件废弃后和太阳能电池的原料生产环节,会产生一定程度的环境污染.对太阳能电池废弃物进行资源化回收处理,积极研发新型电池和新材料,可以有效控制污染.目前对光伏废弃物进行资源化的方法主要有:热解法,无机酸溶解法,有机溶剂溶解法,化学蚀刻等;薄膜型光伏电池和聚合物光伏新材料的研究也取得了相应进展,拥有较好的发展前景.     

Formation mechanism of typical aromatic sulfuric anhydrides and their potential role in atmospheric nucleation process

Sulfuric anhydrides,generated from the cycloaddition reaction of SO₃with carboxylic acids,have been revealed to be potential participants in the nucleation process of new particle formation (NPF).Hence the reaction mechanisms of typical aromatic acids (benzoic acid (BA),phenylacetic acid (PAA),phthalic acid (PA),isophthalic acid (mPA),and terephthalic acid(PTA)) with SO₃to generate the corresponding aromatic sulfuric anhydrides were investigated by density functional theory...     

Control of metal toxicity, effluent COD and regeneration of gel beads by immobilized sulfate-reducing bacteria

Over the last few decades, the use of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the treatment of heavy-metal containing wastewaters including acid mine drainage has become a topic of scientific and commercial interest. However, technical difficulties such as the sensitivity of SRB to toxic metals and high effluent COD limit the widespread use of SRB in high heavy-metal containing wastewater. The aim of this study was to clarify the reasons why the immobilized SRB sludge with inner cohesive carbon source (ISIS) process can endure high metal toxicity and decrease effluent COD. The ISIS process can physically set apart SRB and free the system of external influences such as the surrounding toxic metallic ions, as well as form inner carbon sources to avoid high effluent COD. Metal toxicity and bead durability are the two major factors which influence the regeneration and reuse of gel beads. Reuse of suspended SRB sludge and beads crosslinked with boric acid were unsuccessful due to metal toxicity and agglomeration of beads, respectively. However, beads crosslinked with ammonium sulfate prevented agglomeration of beads allowing successful bead regeneration and reuse. The result of four cyclic trials showed that over 99% of zinc was removed in each trial using these beads.     

京津冀地区大气污染联防联控机制实施效果及完善建议

回顾了我国京津冀地区大气污染联防联控机制发展历程,从目标效果、制度框架、措施手段等视角系统地阐述了京津冀地区大气污染联防联控机制的实施效果.结果表明:①京津冀地区大气污染联防联控的预期目标（2017年）基本实现,并且随着控制目标逐渐严格,已由年尺度细化至日尺度.②京津冀地区大气污染联防联控顶层制度框架逐渐成熟,运行机制逐渐健全统一,重污染应急管控预案趋向于成本有效性减排策略.③当前大气污染联防联控手段基本为命令控制型,在源头控制上主要采用新源环境准入、老旧源落后产能淘汰、燃煤控制与小规模炉窑综合整治等产业结构优化和能源消耗结构调整策略;在末端控制上,逐步规范和强化大气固定源排污许可证管理制度,实施精细化的移动源、面源排放管理模式.④建议加快建立京津冀地区空气质量管理常设机构,实现大气污染联防联控的长效化;建议实施区域性大气固定源排污许可证制度,在此基础上引入经济刺激型手段,建立基于京津冀地区空气质量改善目标的大气固定源排污权交易制度,让市场机制促使污染源进一步减排和污染控制技术水平的不断提升.      

京津冀及周边地区秋冬季PM2.5爆发式增长成因与应急管控对策

京津冀及周边地区秋冬季大气重污染过程频发,而在一些污染过程中PM_2.5会呈现爆发式增长特征,受到社会、公众的广泛关注,但现阶段针对PM_2.5爆发式增长的成因仍缺乏系统性的认知.对京津冀及周边地区在2015-2019年秋冬季（10月-翌年3月）大气重污染过程进行整理分析,并以2016年12月16-22日和2019年1月10-14日两次典型重污染过程中的PM_2.5爆发式增长为典型案例进行成因解析,归纳得出PM_2.5爆发式增长的主要原因为本地积累、区域传输和二次转化.对于北京市,PM_2.5爆发式增长通常不是上述某一原因独立导致,而是三者综合作用的结果.对于主要由本地积累引起的PM_2.5爆发式增长,应提前采取预警应急措施,降低ρ（PM_2.5）峰值;对于主要由区域传输引起的PM_2.5爆发式增长,应开展区域应急联动,降低传输通道沿线城市对ρ（PM_2.5）累积的贡献;对于主要由二次转化引起的PM_2.5爆发式增长,应通过一次颗粒物和SO₂、NO_x、VOCs等气态污染物的协同减排,降低高湿条件下污染物二次转化的影响.在2016年12月16-22日的大气重污染过程期间,京津冀及周边地区通过采取上述应急管控对策,减少了主要污染物排放量,有效降低了ρ（PM_2.5）峰值.建议可根据各地PM_2.5爆发式增长的具体成因,通过提前采取重污染天气预警应急措施、区域应急联动和多污染物（一次颗粒物、SO₂、NO_x、挥发性有机物等）协同减排等应急管控对策,有效减少PM_2.5爆发式增长的次数、降低PM_2.5爆发式增长的速率,减缓大气重污染的发生和发展.