Study on the optical property and surface morphology of N doped TiO2 film deposited with different N2 flow rates by DCPMS

N doped TiO₂ films were deposited by direct current pulse magnetron sputtering system at room temperature. By using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and atomic force microscope, we studied the influence of N₂ flow rate on the optical property and surface morphology of films. The results indicate that the optical property and surface morphology of N doped TiO₂ film was dominated by the N₂ flow rate. The mean absorbency in visible range of pure TiO₂ films is near to 0%, which means that the pure TiO₂ could hardly display the photocatalytic property in visible range. When N₂ flow rate is 2 sccm, the mean absorbency in visible range of N doped TiO₂ film could reach at 24%. In this case, the film could be used as photocatalyst induced by visible light. While with increasing N₂ flow rate, the mean absorbency in visible range of N doped TiO₂ film decreased abruptly. Especially when N₂ flow rate exceeded 8 sccm, the mean absorbency in visible range of N doped TiO₂ film decreased to about 0%, which is like pure TiO₂ fimls.     

Study on the optical property and surface morphology of N doped TiO2 film deposited with different N2 flow rates by DCPMS

N doped TiO₂ films were deposited by direct current pulse magnetron sputtering system at room temperature. By using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and atomic force microscope, we studied the influence of N₂ flow rate on the optical property and surface morphology of films. The results indicate that the optical property and surface morphology of N doped TiO₂ film was dominated by the N₂ flow rate. The mean absorbency in visible range of pure TiO₂ films is near to 0%, which means that the pure TiO₂ could hardly display the photocatalytic property in visible range. When N₂ flow rate is 2 sccm, the mean absorbency in visible range of N doped TiO₂ film could reach at 24%. In this case, the film could be used as photocatalyst induced by visible light. While with increasing N₂ flow rate, the mean absorbency in visible range of N doped TiO₂ film decreased abruptly. Especially when N₂ flow rate exceeded 8 sccm, the mean absorbency in visible range of N doped TiO₂ film decreased to about 0%, which is like pure TiO₂ fimls.     

The levels, sources and reactivity of volatile organic compounds in a typical urban area of Northeast China

Air concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were continually measured at a monitoring site in Shenyang from 20 August to 16 September 2017. The average concentrations of alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and carbonyls were 28.54, 6.30, 5.59 and 9.78 ppbv, respectively. Seven sources were identified by the Positive Matrix Factorization model based on the measurement data of VOCs and CO. Vehicle exhaust contributed the most (36.15%) to the total propene-equivalent concentration of the measured VOCs, followed by combustion emission (16.92%), vegetation emission and secondary formation (14.33%), solvent usage (10.59%), petrochemical industry emission (9.89%), petrol evaporation (6.28%), and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) usage (5.84%). Vehicle exhaust, solvent usage and combustion emission were found to be the top three VOC sources for O₃ formation potential, accounting for 34.52%, 16.55% and 11.94%, respectively. The diurnal variation of the total VOCs from each source could be well explained by their emission characteristics, e.g., the two peaks of VOC concentrations from LPG usage were in line with the cooking times for breakfast and lunch. Wind rose plots of the VOCs from each source could reveal the possible distribution of the sources around the monitoring site. The O₃ pollution episodes during the measurement period were found to be coincident with the elevation of VOCs, which was mainly due to the air parcel from the southeast direction where petrochemical industry emission was found to be dominant, suggesting that the petrochemical industry emission from the southeast was probably a significant cause of O₃ pollution in Shenyang.     

基于遥感技术的城市污水处理厂热岛效应研究

热岛效应已成为城市化发展中影响局地气候变化的重要因素之一.作为城市必要基础设施的一部分,城市污水处理厂对全球性气候变化的影响受到了广泛关注和研究,而对局地气候变化的影响却鲜有研究.文章首次尝试利用Landsat卫星遥感图像对1995年-2013年间苏州市11座城市污水处理厂进行了热岛效应研究,并对影响因素进行了初步分析.结果发现,11座城市污水处理厂热岛强度在18年间整体上增加了48％;从时间维度上来看,在污水处理厂施工建设或升级改造阶段,热岛强度都偏高.而根据回归分析发现,城市地表平均温度、污水处理厂的施工建设状态和主体处理工艺与WHII具有显著正相关性.     

Hybrid cement-assisted dewatering,solidification and stabilization of sewage sludge with high organic content

Sewage sludge with high organic content is particularly difficult to dewater before disposal in landfill. In this study, different hybrid cement binders were investigated to evaluate their ability to dewater the sewage sludge with high organic content. After 7 days of stabilization, the CASC (Mayenite/Sulfoaluminate cement) hybrid binder showed an excellent efficiency on both water content reduction and strength development; the water content and unconfined compressive strength value of solidified sludge reached 52.43 % and 109.55 kPa, respectively, at 8 % binder/sludge mass rate. The horizontal vibration leaching test (HJ 557-2009) indicated that leachability of heavy metals of the CASC-solidified sludge was far lower than that of non-solidified sludge and CAPC-solidified sludge. Furthermore, SEM and XRD analyses suggested that certain hydrates formed in the solidification process might have accelerated the depletion of interstitial water and strength development in the CASC-solidified sludge.     

Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in different functional areas of Lanzhou, China

To elucidate the air pollution characteristics of northern China, airborne PM_10(atmospheric dynamic equivalent diameter ≤ 10 μm) and PM_(2.5)(atmospheric dynamic equivalent diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) were sampled in three different functional areas(Yuzhong County,Xigu District and Chengguan District) of Lanzhou, and their chemical composition(elements, ions, carbonaceous species) was analyzed. The results demonstrated that the highest seasonal mean concentrations of PM_10(369.48 μg/m~3) and PM_(2.5)(295.42 μg/m~3) were detected in Xigu District in the winter, the lowest concentration of PM_(2.5)(53.15 μg/m~3) was observed in Yuzhong District in the fall and PM_10(89.60 μg/m~3) in Xigu District in the fall.The overall average OC/EC(organic carbon/elemental carbon) value was close to the representative OC/EC ratio for coal consumption, implying that the pollution of Lanzhou could be attributed to the burning of coal. The content of SNA(the sum of sulfate, nitrate,ammonium, SNA) in PM_(2.5)in Yuzhong County was generally lower than that at other sites in all seasons. The content of SNA in PM_(2.5)and PM_10 in Yuzhong County was generally lower than that at other sites in all seasons(0.24–0.38), indicating that the conversion ratios from precursors to secondary aerosols in the low concentration area was slower than in the area with high and intense pollutants. Six primary particulate matter sources were chosen based on positive matrix factorization(PMF) analysis, and emissions from dust, secondary aerosols, and coal burning were identified to be the primary sources responsible for the particle pollution in Lanzhou.     

Population genetic structure of Pinus tabulaeformis in Shanxi Plateau, China

Chinese pine, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr., a species that ranges broadly across northeastern to southwestern China, plays a vital role in the maintenance of the structure and function of these ecosystems. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity of five widespread populations in Shanxi Plateau, the distribution center of Chinese pine, using 15 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers and five inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers in 140 individual tree samples. Similar genetic differentiation results were obtained from the data of RAPD and ISSR. Based on the two sets of data, Nei’s genetic diversity was 0.2842 and 0.3078 and Shannon’s indices of diversity were 0.4332 and 0.4468. Genetic diversity at the species level was found high relative to that for other genera of Pinaceae. The greatest diversity was observed in the Lingkong Mountain population (0.3860), while the lowest was recorded in the Luya Mountain population (0.3352), most likely as a result of natural adaptation and anthropogenic perturbation. The relative magnitude of differentiation among populations (G _ST) was 0.1491 and 0.1356, respectively, implying that most genetic variation was within the populations (∼0.8509), rather than among populations. Published in Russian in Ekologiya, 2008, No. 1, pp. 36–42. The article was translated by the authors.     

我国大气污染协同防控理论框架初探

我国大气污染防治工作在“十三五”期间取得了可喜成绩,PM_2.5浓度及重污染天数大幅降低,与此同时,我国城市地区臭氧(O₃)污染问题凸显,说明我国大气污染格局发生了深刻变化. 当前,PM_2.5与O₃成为影响我国城市和区域空气质量的主要因子,二者的协同控制是我国持续改善空气质量的焦点,也成为我国“十四五”期间大气污染防治工作的重点. 本文通过对国内外PM_2.5和O₃协同控制进展的梳理,总结我国大气复合污染协同治理的现状与挑战,从协同防控目标、核心协同任务、重点支撑保障等角度提出大气复合污染协同治理的理论框架,并对我国PM_2.5与O₃协同控制工作提出以下几点建议:①坚持科学精准治气;②坚持综合系统治气;③坚持严格依法治气;④坚持多维协同治气.      

美国人为源VOCs管控经验及其对我国的启示

“十四五”期间加强对PM_2.5和臭氧(O₃)共同前体物VOCs的有效管控,对于我国持续改善环境空气质量非常关键,但目前人为源VOCs管控仍然是我国大气环境管理中的短板,我国亟待构建有效的人为源VOCs管控机制. 美国自20世纪50年代开始关注人为源VOCs管控,历经70多年取得了较为明显的成效. 学习借鉴美国人为源VOCs管控经验将有利于推动我国人为源VOCs的管控. 本文全面梳理了美国人为源VOCs的管控历程,总结其成效与经验,结合对我国自2000年以来人为源VOCs的管控状况与所存在不足的分析,提出“十四五”期间我国人为源VOCs管控建议. 研究发现,美国在人为源VOCs管控中,通过逐渐厘清VOCs的定义、认清VOCs与O₃、PM_2.5污染间的联系,逐步推进VOCs管控工作,逐渐形成了集科学认识、技术支撑、政策支持与公众参与为一体的有效的VOCs管控体系,因而在人为源VOCs排放量降低及有毒有害污染物、O₃、PM_2.5浓度降低方面取得了较为显著的成效. 目前我国人为源VOCs管控在管控框架、基础支撑、制度保障等方面均存在不足,为有效推进我国“十四五”期间人为源VOCs的管控,建议加强以下工作:①优化管控体系;②提升基础能力;③完善制度保障;④促进创新发展;⑤调动公众参与.      

γ中尺度单体合并在昭通小河镇"201O.7.13"灾害性天气中的特征分析

低纬度高原特殊地形影响下的云和降水与其它地区相比有一些独特的情形,中-y尺度暴雨就是特征鲜明的一类,由此系统引发的降水突发性较强,常造成灾害.利用常规高空资料、卫星资料、加密乡镇雨量站资料和新一代多普勒雷达资料,对2010年7月13日云南昭通小河镇灾害性天气分析发现:短时性、高强度,在降水开始的1 h左右就达到暴雨量级,是此次过程的降水特点;中低层风向辐合、高冷低暖、整层潮湿,低层偏南暖湿气流输送水汽及对流不稳定能量堆积,以及边界层辐合线的触发提供了中尺度天气背景;强中尺度对流系统(MCS)是此次暴雨形成的云图中尺度特征;多普勒雷达观测资料分析表明,镶嵌在中-β尺度上的中-γ尺度单体为形成强降水的直接影响系统,该类系统以"单体合并型"和"自壮大升尺度型"居多,且"单体合并型"占较大比例;单体组织化合并可能是部分这类暴雨的触发与维持机制之一.