障碍物对火焰传播过程影响数值模拟

采用CFD软件AutoReaGas建立典型的物理模型及数值模型来研究管道内障碍物对可燃气体爆炸火焰传播的影响规律。结果表明,障碍物间距、阻塞率的改变会对爆炸场内的火焰传播速率产生巨大影响。障碍物间距的改变对火焰传播速率的影响是一个先增大后减小的过程;低阻塞率下,火焰传播速度较低。但随着阻塞率的增大可燃气体爆炸火焰传播速度得到明显的增大。为障碍物对可燃气体爆炸传播规律的影响的进一步研究提供了理论依据。     

西安城北地区秋季PM_(2.5)中的矿尘颗粒污染特征

采用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer,SPAMS)对西安市大气矿尘颗粒物进行连续12 d在线分析,共采集到107 425个同时含有正负质谱信息的矿尘颗粒,矿尘颗粒物占PM_(2.5)样本数的8.44%。结果表明,矿尘颗粒物的正离子碎片成分以Na~+、K~+、Al~+、Ca~+、CaO~+、Fe~+为主,同时还含有Pb~+等,负离子碎片成分以NO~-_2和NO~-_3为主,另外还含有HSO~-_4、SiO~-_3、HSiO~-_3、H(NO_3)~-_2等。在西安市大气细颗粒物中,矿尘颗粒物中贡献较大的几类(如含钙、含铁、铁氧颗粒物等)大多是老化的成分。将观测阶段采集到的矿尘颗粒纳入本地污染源谱进行来源分析,其主要来源为扬尘源、工业源、燃煤源和汽车尾气源等。     

超长污泥龄对MPR工艺脱氮除磷效果的影响

针对高MLSS下系统的稳定运行及脱氮除磷效果,采用微压内循环生物相反应器(MPR)处理模拟城市污水,探究了超长污泥龄(SRT)在50、70、90d时,MPR不断减少剩余污泥排放量下的脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,当SRT由50d提升至90d时,MPR工艺的脱氮能力得到增强,TN的平均去除率由75.97％提高到84.60％.在...     

浙江南麂列岛海域贝类中的麻痹性贝类毒素研究

为弄清麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP)在我国首个国家海洋自然保护区浙江南麂海域的分布,于2006年4月~2007年3月间,在该海域主要养殖区设立了6个采样点,以厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)、条纹隔贻贝(Septifer virgatus)、紫贻贝(M.edulis)、虾夷扇贝(Pecten yessoensis)、太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)和野生牡蛎(Ostreasp)为对象逐月采样,用小白鼠生物测定法进行麻痹性贝毒测定。结果显示,南麂海域PSP含量普遍较低,检出率为11.7%,检出值均低于我国目前暂定的400 Mu/100g警戒值;PSP的季节变化十分明显,主要出现在春季和冬季,其它季节没有检出;该毒素主要分布于大沙岙、马祖岙、火焜岙3个海区的湾内,有较明显的地理分布特征;易受该毒素污染的贝类主要为人工养殖的虾夷扇贝、紫贻贝及野生的牡蛎。     

微污染原水的处理技术发展与探讨

饮用水水源污染的日益严重，对人类健康构成巨大危胁，给传统净水工艺提出了新的挑战，从目前我国水资源污染现状出发，介绍了现有的微污染原水处理技术，活性炭吸附技术，膜法深度处理技术，光催化氧化技术，生物预处理技术，强化混凝技术，强化过滤技术等，分别阐述了各项技术的机理，并进一步从功能，费用等方面对这些技术进行了综合评价。     

Long-term winter observation of nitrous acid in the urban area of Beijing

The particulate matter (PM) pollution has been significantly improved by carrying out various valid emission control strategies since 2013 in China. Meanwhile the variation trend of nitrous acid (HONO) is worthy to investigate due to its vital role in the atmospheric oxidation process. In this study, field observation in the winter is conducted to investigate the concentration of HONO in an urban area of Beijing. In the winter of 2019, the mean HONO concentration is 1.38 ppbV during the whole winter. Photo-enhanced NO₂ heterogeneous reactions on the ground and aerosol surfaces were found as the possible daytime sources of HONO. Compared to O₃, photolysis of HONO dominates the primary OH sources during the winter time. To understand the HONO pollution patterns by years variation, multi-year data is summarized and finds that primary pollutants including CO and NO decreased, but secondary pollutants i.e., HONO (mostly generated via secondary process) increased. Our study highlights the requirement to mitigate secondary pollution by control HONO concentration.     

Space view of the decadal variation for typical air pollutants in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in China

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of the most industrialized, urbanized and populated regions in China, and thus has been long suffering from severe air pollutions. Space data provide a unique perspective for investigating the atmospheric environment at a regional scale. By utilizing multiple satellite retrievals from 2005 to 2013, this study presented, for the first time, the spatial patterns and temporal trends of typical air pollutants over PRD and its vicinity. As viewed from space, aerosol optical depth (AOD), NO₂ and SO₂ all had their higher values at the central part of PRD, and showed clear descending gradients as moving to the outskirt of this region. As to the inter-annual variation, all these pollutants had decreasing trends in PRD during the study period, which generally agreed with the relevant in situ measurements. However, the satellite retrievals differed from ground measurements when addressing NO₂ and SO₂ in the vicinity of PRD. This work also provides the inter-comparison among PRD and three other metropolitan clusters in China: PRD had relatively high AOD, moderate NO₂ and low SO₂ levels, and it was the only region achieving the effective reduction of NO₂ and SO₂ during last decade. Unlike the previous three pollutants, HCHO observed by satellite showed very special patterns: it had a relatively homogeneous spatial distribution over both of PRD and its vicinity, and presented an opposite increasing trend from 2005 to 2010. Moreover, PRD had the highest HCHO level among all the metropolitan clusters, hinting a considerable contribution of biogenic origins of HCHO in PRD.

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污泥含碳有机官能团分布及其模型化合物构建

污泥有机结构体系中碳属于活泼元素,化学活性较强,能源转化处理过程时易发生热化学反应,对污泥能源转化产物的化学特征及生成规律有重大影响.本研究采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）开展了污泥含碳官能团分布特征分析,污泥中的主要含碳官能团为烯基（C-C）、苯环（π-π^*）、醚（C-O-C）、羧基（-COOH）.基于污泥中主要含碳官能团分布和污水中常见有机物组成,构建了污泥典型含碳官能团模型化合物：间二甲苯（π-π^*）,四氢呋喃（C-O-C）,乙酸（-COOH）和环戊烯（C=C）.此外采用热解仪与气相色谱/质谱联用技术（Py-GC/MS）对比分析了不同温度下污泥与含碳模型化合物的热解规律,验证了所构建的含碳模型化合物基本合理可靠.     

响应面法优化克浅十油田废水的混凝沉淀工艺

以克浅十污水处理站原水为研究对象,采用混凝沉淀工艺,探讨优选出的复配混凝剂投加量、助凝剂投加量及静置时间对原水中浊度和总铁去除效果的影响.应用Box-Behnken中心组合实验和响应面分析法,建立混凝剂对处理原水的二次多项式数学模型,确定了混凝沉淀去除原水浊度和总铁的优化工艺参数分别为:复配混凝剂投加量为152.15 mg/L、143.84 mg/L,助凝剂投加量为4.14 mg/L、4.32 mg/L,静置时间为11.77 min、11.22 min.在此工艺条件下回归方程得到的浊度和总铁的去除率预测值与实验值接近,且拟合性良好,误差介于3％～5％之间.通过均值内插法,对比浊度和总铁的多元二次回归方程,推导得出的2组最佳工艺条件均能满足浊度和总铁的去除要求.     

光催化还原法处理含cr（Ⅵ）废水的研究

采用自制TiO2作为光催化剂,利用光催化-混凝联合处理含Cr（Ⅵ）废水,研究了废水的pH值、催化剂用量、反应时间、有机物和混凝剂种类对含Cr（Ⅵ）废水中Cr（Ⅵ）去除率的影响。结果表明,在添加EDTA,pH值为1,紫外灯120min左右,二氧化钛加入量为0．4g,采用FeCl3和PAM作为混凝剂时,Cr（Ⅵ）的去除效率最好。