河南省畜禽养殖污染调查及时空特征分析研究

根据2003年-2012年河南省统计年鉴相关数据和各种估算参数,对河南省2003年-2012年18个地级市五个畜种——生猪、肉牛、奶牛、蛋鸡、肉鸡的污染物排放总量及其污染物排放负荷进行调查分析,以期为河南省畜禽养殖污染的综合治理工作提供科学依据。研究结果表明:河南省2003年-2012年间污染物排放整体呈现平稳状态,2007年波动较大;五个主要畜种中,肉牛的污染物排放平均负荷最大为48.15%,其次为生猪39.70%,肉鸡8.67%,奶牛2.65%,蛋鸡0.83%;不同地区中以南阳市污染物排放量最大,其次是驻马店市,周口市,商丘市,信阳市,五市的COD、总氮、总磷排放量分别占到了全省相应污染物排放总量的54.49%,52.36%和48.51%。     

Community structures and population dynamics of “Candidatus Accumulibacter” in activated sludges of wastewater treatment plants using ppk1 as phylogenetic marker

Candidatus Accumulibacter has been identified as dominant polyphosphate-accumulating organisms(PAOs) in enhanced biological phosphorus(P) removal(EBPR) from wastewater.This study revealed the relevance of community structure, abundance and seasonal population dynamics of Candidatus Accumulibacter to process operation of wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) in China using ppk1 gene as phylogenetic marker. All sludge samples had properties of denitrifying P removal using nitrate as an electron acceptor.Accumulibacter abundance in the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic(A~2O) process was the highest(26%of total bacteria), and higher in winter than in summer with a better EBPR performance.Type-II was the dominant Accumulibacter in all processes, and type-I accounted for a small proportion of total Accumulibacter. The abundance of Clade-IIC as the most dominant clade reached 2.59 × 10~9 cells/g MLSS and accounted for 87.3% of total Accumulibacter. Clade IIC mainly contributed to denitrifying P removal. Clades IIA, IIC and IID were found in all processes, while clade-IIF was only found in oxidation ditch process through phylogenetic analysis. High proportion of clade IID to total Accumulibacter led to poor performance of aerobic P-uptake in inverted A~2O process. Therefore, Accumulibacter clades in WWTPs were diverse, and EBPR performance was closely related to the clade-level community structures and abundances of Accumulibacter.     

太原市环境空气中挥发性芳香烃碳同位素组成及来源

利用Tenax TA吸附管采集太原市不同排放源及不同功能区环境空气样品,色谱-质谱、同位素质谱联用技术测定了其挥发性芳香烃化合物的碳同位素组成,并分析了其组成特征.结果表明,柴油挥发源、汽油挥发源、溶剂挥发源、机动车尾气源和民用燃煤源排放的挥发性芳香烃化合物中稳定碳同位素值(δ~(13)C)测定范围依次为:(-30. 79±0. 98)‰～(-29. 10±0. 14)‰、(-30. 96±0. 88)‰～(-28. 02±1. 77)‰、(-32. 13±0. 59)‰～(-27. 67±0. 49)‰、(-27. 58±0. 16)‰～(-25. 50±0. 75)‰和(-25. 14±0. 93)‰～(-23. 44±1. 32)‰,民用燃煤源显著富集13C.仅在民用燃煤源排放烟气中检出苯乙烯,δ~(13)C值为(-23. 44±1. 32)‰.太原市4个不同功能区采样分析显示,居民交通混合区环境空气中挥发性芳香烃的δ~(13)C值为(-25. 61±2. 20)‰～(-23. 91±0. 78)‰,较其他区域富集13C;工业区δ~(13)C检测值为(-29. 15±1. 06)‰～(-24. 53±1. 07)‰,较其他区域贫13C.将环境空气中挥发性芳香烃δ~(13)C值与排放源δ~(13)C值比较可发现,太原市4个环境空气点位的挥发性芳香烃主要来源是机动车尾气源和民用燃煤源,工业区受溶剂挥发影响较大.     

稻壳灰对抗生素磺胺的吸附特性研究

研究了稻壳灰(rice husk ash,RHA)在改变初始投加量、振荡温度及频率、溶液pH值等不同条件下,对水溶液中磺胺的吸附特性随吸附时间的变化及吸附动力学,并对吸附磺胺前后的RHA进行了SEM和FTIR表征.结果表明,RHA对磺胺的吸附特性受RHA的投加量、振荡温度及振荡频率和溶液pH等因素的影响.在本实验范围内(0.1~2.0 g·L-1),最佳吸附温度为25℃,RHA的投加量越多,磺胺的去除效率越高,吸附达到平衡所需时间越短,且平衡吸附量越低;RHA质量浓度较高时需提高振荡频率以保证吸附效果;强酸、强碱均有利于磺胺的吸附.由吸附动力学分析可知,对于较高的RHA投加量(≥1.0g·L-1),其吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,受控于物理化学吸附.粒子内扩散模型分析可得吸附过程受膜扩散、内扩散的共同控制,且吸附剂RHA的浓度越高,膜扩散控制作用越明显.SEM及FTIR图谱均表明RHA对磺胺产生了有效的吸附.     

Impact of different benthic animals on phosphorus dynamics across the sediment-water interface

As a diagenetic progress, bioturbation influences solute exchange across the sediment-water interface (SWI). Different benthic animals have various mechanical activities in sediment, thereby they may have different effects on solute exchange across the SWI. This laboratory study examined the impacts of different benthic animals on phosphorus dynamics across the SWI. Tubificid worms and Chironomidae larvae were introduced as model organisms which, based on their mechanical activities, belong to upward-conveyors and gallery-diffusers, respectively. The microcosm simulation study was carried out with a continuous flow culture system, and all sediment, water, and worms and larvae specimens were sampled from Taihu Lake, China. To compare their bioturbation effects, the same biomass (17.1 g wet weight (ww)/m2) was adopted for worms and larvae.Worms altered no oxygen penetration depth in sediment, while larvae increased the O2 penetration depth, compared to the control treatment. Their emergence also enhanced sediment O2 uptake. The oxidation of ferrous iron in pore water produced ferric iron oxyhydroxides that adsorbed soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from the overlying water and pore water. Larvae built obviously oxidized tubes with about 2 mm diameter and the maximum length of 6 cm in sediment, and significantly decreased ferrous iron and SRP in the pore water compared to the control and worms treatments. Worms constructed no visually-oxidized galleries in the sediment in contrast to larvae, and they did not significantly alter SRP in the pore water relative to the control treatment. The adsorption of ferric iron oxyhydroxides to SRP caused by worms and larvae inhibited SRP release from sediment. Comparatively, worms inhibited more SRP release than larvae based on the same biomass, as they successively renewed the ferric iron oxyhydroxides rich oxidation layer through their deposition.     

Preparation and characterization of PVDF-glass fiber composite membrane reinforced by interfacial UV-grafting copolymerization

A novel inorganic–organic composite membrane,namely poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVDF-glass fiber(PGF) composite membrane,was prepared and reinforced by interfacial ultraviolet(UV)-grafting copolymerization to improve the interfacial bonding strength between the membrane layer and the glass fiber.The interfacial polymerization between inorganic–organic interfaces is a chemical cross-linking reaction that depends on the functionalized glass fiber with silane coupling(KH570) as the initiator and the polymer solution with acrylamide monomer(AM) as the grafting block.The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer-attenuated total reflectance(FTIR-ATR) spectra and the energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) pictures of the interface between the glass fiber and polymer matrix confirmed that the AM was grafted to the surface of the glass fiber fabric and that the grafting polymer was successfully embedded in the membrane matrix.The formation mechanisms,permeation,and anti-fouling performance of the PGF composite membrane were measured with different amounts of AM in the doping solutions.The results showed that the grafting composite membrane improved the interfacial bonding strength and permeability,and the peeling strength was improved by 32.6% for PGF composite membranes with an AM concentration at 2 wt.%.     

大庆湖泊群水体和淡水鱼中多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评估

2012年2~4月采集大庆湖泊群18个典型湖泊30个水体和36个鱼体样品,并对水体和5种鱼组织(鱼鳃、肝脏、鱼脑、肾脏和肌肉)样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度进行分析测定.结果显示,水中PAHs总量为0.2~1.21μg·L-1,浓度最高值出现在月亮泡.利用统计学聚类分析方法对18个湖泊水体PAHs浓度进行分类,并进一步应用PAHs比值分析和物种敏感性分布模型对不同湖泊组湖泊水体PAHs分别进行来源分析和生态风险评估.结果表明,18个湖泊水体PAHs浓度统一聚类分成4个湖泊组,其中月亮泡(YLP)和东大海(DDH)两个湖泊分别单独成一类,其他14个湖泊被聚类分为XHH组和DQSK组两个湖泊组.湖泊水体中PAHs除了YLP组主要来自石油污染,其他湖泊PAHs的输入均为木柴和煤燃烧所致.根据国际和国内地表水环境质量标准,大庆湖泊群4个湖泊组水体PAHs浓度水平均有不同程度超标.其中YLP组和XHH组大部分水样中PAHs浓度超出美国环保署(US EPA)规定的16种PAHs限量值,尤其YLP组中致癌性最强的苯并[a]芘浓度已经超过了我国地表水环境质量标准;而DQSK组和DDH组也有少量几种PAHs超出水质标准.大庆湖泊群鲤鱼种和鲢鱼种5种组织器官内16种PAHs浓度检测结果及统计分析结果显示,除鲤鱼鳃中的蒽浓度显著高于鲢鱼鳃,其他15种PAHs在两类鱼种中无显著差异.而同鱼种不同组织器官中PAHs浓度存在明显差异性,肝脏和肾脏作为污染物外源传播的主要器官,其浓度明显高于肌肉、鳃和脑组织中PAHs的浓度,是PAHs在鱼体内累积的重要器官.对水生生物的生态风险和淡水鱼消费健康风险评估结果显示,4个典型湖泊组水体中PAHs对水生生物生态风险均较小,鲤鱼和鲢鱼鱼肉消费也均无饮食健康风险.     

加氢装置高压串低压风险分析及对策

针对加氢装置高压串低压的特点,分析讨论了其存在的火灾、爆炸、人身伤害、中毒等风险,针对这些风险提出对应的安全防范措施。     

大气氢氟碳化物采样分析和质量控制方法研究

用自组装采样系统冲洗双口不锈钢采样罐,并采集大气样品至1.36×105 Pa,在实验室利用自组装气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)系统分析样品,对6种主要氢氟碳化物(HFCs)分析精度为0.24%~1.02%.空白实验表明,采样-分析过程未引入污染.通过压力-体积曲线对进样压力变化的影响进行了校正.回收率实验及存储实验表明,6种HFCs回收率范围为99.5%~100.4%,存储112d内HFCs浓度没有显著变化.在北京上甸子区域大气本底站采集80m梯度塔顶大气样品并分析,2个串联采样罐HFCs浓度差值范围为0.04×10-12~0.16×10-12.采样分析与同期该站GC-MS在线观测系统获得的HFCs浓度差值范围为-0.17×10-12~-0.86×10-12.本研究建立的采样-分析-质量控制方法和流程适用于大气中HFCs高精度观测.     

太湖湖内综合治理技术探讨

简要介绍和探讨了在太湖已有一定研究基础并可供开展的局部重污染湖区底泥疏浚、湖区北部藻类收集、生态渔业建设、取水口水源净化保护工程和水生植被保护和重建等5种湖内综合治理技术、比较了它们的适用范围和预期效果。