北京市冬季典型重污染时段PM2.5污染来源模式解析

为了探究近年来北京市PM_2.5污染区域来源规律和重污染累积过程中PM_2.5的生成途径,利用第三代三维空气质量模型CAMx的颗粒物源示踪(PSAT)和过程分析(PA)技术,模拟计算了北京市2013年和2014两次冬季典型重污染时段PM_2.5的源-受体关系和物理、化学过程对PM_2.5的生成贡献. 结果表明:在区域来源贡献中,随着空气污染等级由优升至严重污染,外地PM_2.5贡献率从42.9%升至67.4%,本地贡献率由57.1%降至32.6%,其中外地二次PM_2.5贡献率从20.2%升至39.8%,为北京市重污染时段的主要贡献因子;在外地贡献中,廊坊市、山东省、天津市、唐山市的贡献率较大,分别为3.2%~4.7%、3.8%~7.5%、3.6%~5.8%、2.2%~3.2%. PA分析结果表明:在不利气象条件(持续性的逆温层结)下,南边界的输送在重污染过程中起到了重要作用,对ρ(PM_2.5)增长的贡献速率可达10 μg/(m3·h). 此外,本地化学转化在重污染时段对ρ(PM_2.5)爆发性增长的贡献率也可以达到40.0%,其中特殊天气条件下二次PM_2.5生成贡献的显著增加是造成ρ(PM_2.5)出现峰值的主要原因. 研究显示,随着污染程度的加重,北京市受区域性污染的影响逐渐加大;在重污染过程中,不利气象条件下的本地化学转化与水平输送对近地层ρ(PM_2.5)峰值的出现与维持发挥了重要作用.      

腐植酸臭氧氧化和过氧化氢催化氧化处理特性比较

以TOC和UV254为指标,比较了不同条件下腐植酸的臭氧氧化和过氧化氢催化氧化效果,运用HPLC和热裂解-GC-MS分析考察了氧化前后有机物分子量分布和官能团构造的变化情况．研究结果表明：过氧化氢和臭氧单独作为氧化剂对水中TOC基本上没有去除作用,但均能导致水中UV254浓度的降低;在几种催化剂的作用下,过氧化氢对TOC和UV254的去除效果明显提高,其中以O3作为催化剂的效果最好,Fe^2＋次之,而Mn^2＋和Cu^2＋的催化效果较差;过氧化氢催化氧化和臭氧化均导致有机物分子量分布向小分子的方向转移,氧化后水中以羧酸、醇、胺、酯、醚、烷烃为代表的含氧基团和饱和构造基团明显增多;过氧化氢催化氧化和臭氧氧化均有助于改善混凝处理和活性炭吸附处理的效果．关键词腐植酸,臭氧,过氧化氢,催化氧化．     

大冶龙角山矿区几种植物的重金属吸收特征

通过调查采样和化学测试,对大冶龙角山矿区小麦、油菜、莴苣、白菜苔、豌豆等几种主要农作物中的重金属Cu、Pb、Cd及类金属As的质量分数进行分析。结果表明,供试农作物中,莴苣的重金属(包括As)质量分数显著高于其它作物的,其中以Cd质量分数最高,而豌豆的重金属质量分数最低,其它作物重金属质量分数由高到低的顺序为油菜、腌菜、白菜苔、小麦;小麦中的重金属质量分数依次是w(Cd) > w(As) > w(Pb) > w(Cu) > w(Cr),油菜中为w(Cd) > w(As) > w(Pb) > w(Cr) > w(Cu),莴苣中为w(Cd) > w(Cu) > w(Pb) > w(As)> w(Cr);随河流向下,作物中重金属含量变化规律与相应土壤中重金属累积量基本一致,如油菜含铜量在上游为0.61 g/g,在下游为0.37 g/g。     

水体中高氯酸盐（ClO-4）污染控制技术

系统介绍了现阶段水体中高氯酸盐(ClO4-)污染控制技术;分析了各种技术的优点与局限性;指出离子交换、生物降解与修复是目前处理水体中ClO4-的主要技术,认为探寻有效的组合处理工艺,开发更经济、高效的新处理技术,将是今后控制水体ClO4-污染的研究重点.     

复合型人工湿地模型对污水厂尾水的深度净化效果

采用由一级垂直流湿地、连续的4级沉水植物氧化塘和二级垂直流湿地组成的复合型人工湿地处理小城镇污水处理厂尾水。结果表明,在0.13 m3.m-2.d-1水力负荷条件下,模型出水仅ρ(CODCr)和ρ(氨氮)(以NH4+-N计)达到地表Ⅲ类水标准(GB 3838—2002);但当进水ρ(TP)达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)一级B标准时,出水ρ(TP)亦达到地表Ⅲ类水标准。当二级垂直流湿地水力负荷调整为0.06 m3.m-2.d-1时,出水ρ(TP)和ρ(TN)最终都达到地表Ⅲ类水标准。认为水体中TN主要通过一级垂直流湿地的过滤吸附和二级垂直流湿地的反硝化作用去除,而TP则主要以一级垂直流湿地中石灰石的吸附沉降方式来去除。     

油菜秸秆还田对水稻根系分布及稻谷产量的影响

根系健康是水稻正常生长及高产的前提,为明确油菜秸秆还田方式和还田量对水稻生长及产量的影响,以秸秆不还田作为对照,设置秸秆半量还田(1.5 t/hm2)、全量还田(3.0 t/hm2)、超量还田(4.5 t/hm2)3个还田量以及秸秆覆盖还田(FG)、秸秆翻埋还田(FM)两种还田方式,通过盆栽和大田试验相结合,研究秸秆处...     

Dissolved organic matter with multi-peak fluorophores in landfill leachate

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) sampled from municipal landfill leachate of different ages with/without anoxic or aerobic treatment, was intensively fractionated via size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and hydrophobic resins, and was studied with fluorescence excitation and emission matrix (EEM). Six fluorophores with multiple EEM peaks (fluorophore A-F) were identified based on the collected EEM spectra and validated by bi-variate analysis, principal component analysis, and parallel factor analysis, as follows (excitation wavelength Ex and emission wavelength Em): (Ex 240, 310, 360 nm, Em 460 nm), (Ex 220, 280 nm, Em 340 nm), (Ex 220, 270 nm, Em 300 nm), (Ex 220, 280 nm, Em 360 nm), (Ex 230, 320 nm, Em 420 nm) and (Ex 220, 310 nm, Em 400 nm). The spectral characteristics of these fluorophores were discussed using fractional EEM and apparent molecular weight (AMW) data obtained via SEC analysis. The triple peak flurophore A was pointed at a hydrophobic acid or hydrophobic neutral compound with a pyrenyl functional group of AMW 2500-3500 Da, which displayed an excitation wavelength at 360 nm and a fluorescence intensity ratio of 6.70(+/-1.79):1.70(+/-0.41):1 (fluorescent intensities of Ex 240:Ex 310:Ex 360 nm at Ex 460 nm). This compound is observed to be refractory in landfilling or in anoxic/aerobic treatments, and is specific to this leachate contamination. This paper revealed that the coupling of SEC and EEM can be useful to track the fluorescent DOM fraction in landfill leachate.     

Residual concentrations of micropollutants in benthic mussels in the coastal areas of Bohai Sea, North China

Studies of heavy metals and organic pollutants in different benthic mussel species from Bohai Sea show that concentrations of Cd in mussels commonly exceed national biological quality standards. In addition, a site located in Laizhou Bay exhibits higher average concentrations of As, Hg and Pb with respect to the other sites. Residual levels of petroleum hydrocarbons at several sites in Liaodong Bay also exceed quality guidelines. Contents and compositional characteristics of DDT and its metabolites in mussels suggest the probability of recent inputs and potential ecological risks to the local benthic environment.     

Atmospheric distribution of particulate- and gas-phase phthalic esters (PAEs) in a Metropolitan City, Nanjing, East China

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are used in many branches of industry and are produced in huge amounts throughout the world. An investigation on particulate- and gas-phase distribution of PAEs has been conducted in Nanjing (China). The 12-h daily sampling program (from 8:00 am to 8:00 pm) for ten consecutive days was conducted in April, July and October 2005, and in January 2006 at about 1.5m above the ground level. For comparative purposes, sampling events were simultaneously conducted at two stations, one at the urban center and the other about 12 km from city center for suburban background monitoring. It was observed that the most abundant members of the PAE group were dimethyl phthalate (DMP) (10.1 ng m(-3), average), diethyl phthalate (DEP) (3.4 ng m(-3)), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) (58.8 ng m(-3)), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) (3.2 ng m(-3)), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (20.3 ng m(-3)) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) (1.2 ng m(-3)). The average contribution of PAEs in the gas phase to the total PAE concentration (Sigma(6)PAE, sum of six PAE congeners) ranged from 75.0% to 89.2%. Both particulate- and gas-phase Sigma(6)PAE concentrations decreased with increasing temperature. Experimentally determined gas-particle partitioning (K(p)) of PAEs is well-correlated with their vapor pressure. The Sigma(6)PAE levels in the urban area are approximately 3.5 times as high as the levels found at the suburban station. The vertical profiles from 1.5 to 30.0m above the ground display slight height dependence.     

Spatial trend and pollution assessment of total mercury and methylmercury pollution in the Pearl River Delta soil, South China

Total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) were measured in large number of soil samples collected from areas with different types of land use, different depth in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of South China. THg and MeHg concentrations ranged from 16.7 to 3320 ng g⁻¹ and 0.01 to 1.34 ng g⁻¹, respectively. THg levels are highest in the top 0-20 cm soil layer, and decrease from the surface to bottom layer soil. Spatial variation was observed with different types of land use. Urban parks had the highest concentrations and the other areas tended to decrease in the order of residential areas, industrial areas, vegetable fields, cereal fields, and woodlands. Temporal variation was also noted, and two relatively high THg contamination zones located in the northwestern part of the PRD have significantly expanded over the last two decades. Both THg and MeHg concentrations were correlated significantly with soil organic matter (OM), but not with soil pH. THg pollution status was evaluated using two assessment methods.