多级AO耦合流离生化工艺流量分配比优化及脱氮机制

为探究进水流量分配比对低温城市污水脱氮效率的影响,并解析多级AO耦合流离生化工艺脱氮规律,实验采用三级AO耦合流离生化工艺,在温度为(10±1)℃、水力停留时间8 h、气水比恒定的条件下处理模拟低C/N值城市污水.系统依次在进水比5∶4∶4(等容积负荷)、3∶2∶1(等停留时间)和25∶15∶6(等污泥负荷)这3种工况下运行.结果表明,该工艺对低温低C/N值污水的处理效果较好,其中在进水比为3∶2∶1的工况下脱氮效率最高,COD、NH+4-N和TN平均去除率分别为87. 44%、96. 63%和76. 81%.进一步对氮的迁移转化规律进行研究发现,制约工艺低温脱氮的主要因素为各级硝化效率,3∶2∶1的进水比合理地分配了进水负荷,各级硝化率均超过85%,为反硝化创造了有利条件,最终获得了较高的脱氮效率,此时系统也具有最高的总生物量.研究结果丰富了多级AO耦合工艺低温脱氮理论,同时为工程设计应用提供参考.     

基于BP神经网络的二元混合液体自燃温度预测

为了给工业界提供一种快速预测二元混合液体自燃温度的有效途径,将试验所测不同组分及配比的168个二元混合液体的自燃温度作为期望输出,将基于电性拓扑状态指数(ETSI)理论、引入混合ETSI概念而计算出的9种原子类型所对应的混合ETSI作为输入,采用三层BP神经网络技术建立了根据原子类型混合ETSI来预测混合液体自燃温度的BP神经网络模型,并应用改进的Garson算法进行多参数敏感性分析。经模型评价验证及稳定性分析,得到训练集的决定系数R2为0.965,平均绝对误差MAE为11.892 K,测试集的交叉验证系数Q2ext为0.923,平均绝对误差MAE为15.530 K,发现该模型的预测性能优于已有的多元非线性回归(MNR)模型,表明BP神经网络模型具有较好的拟合能力和预测能力,对烷、醇类混合体系自燃温度的预测精度最佳。     

基于恢复效度的三峡升船机驱动系统失效危害性TOPSIS评估

三峡升船机驱动系统故障模式的危害性直接关系到升船机的安全运行。为判定故障模式危害度等级,根据运行情况,结合同类型升船机,选取了驱动系统的5类故障模式;引入恢复效度的概念,运用德尔菲法对恢复效度、发生频度、严酷度和可探测度进行等级划分并利用AHP法确定各评估指标的权重;最后通过TOPSIS方法建立了数学模型,对三峡升船机驱动系统故障模式的危害性进行了分析、排序和验证。结果表明:恢复效度与故障危害性关联最为密切,齿轮和齿条故障对升船机的危害性最大,其次分别是减速器、同步轴系统、小齿轮托架以及万向轴等。此方法为有针对性的制定相关弥补措施和对策提供了依据,也为三峡升船机其他关键机构失效危害性分析提供了参考。     

浙江南麂海域双壳贝类的腹泻性贝毒分析

为了研究腹泻性贝毒(diarrhetic shellfish poisoning,DSP)在我国浙江南麂海域的分布,于2006年4月～2007年3月在浙江南麂海域的主要水产养殖区设立了六个采样点,以厚壳贻贝、条纹隔贻贝、紫贻贝、虾夷扇贝、太平洋牡蛎、野生牡蛎为对象逐月采样,用小白鼠生物测定法进行腹泻性贝毒测定。结果显示,南麂海域DSP检出率和超标率都较高,分别达到了63.3%和56.7%;DSP检出率和超标率在夏季最高,冬季最低;DSP地理分布范围较广,几乎包括了整个南麂海域;易于积累DSP的主要贝类为养殖的虾夷扇贝和紫贻贝,野生的牡蛎、条纹隔贻贝和厚壳贻贝。     

Range of ecological impact of highway construction in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region, China

The major features of different road sections were identified. Methods quantitatively determining the ecological impact of highway construction were discussed, and a demonstration was presented. The Dabao highway (from Dali to Baoshan) and the Sixiao highway (from Simao to Xiaomengyang) passing through the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region were used as examples in this paper. For the normal road sections having no important species to protect, a method of ecosystem health assessment was introduced to calculate the overall range of the ecological impact of highway construction. For the road sections having plants or soils of interest, indexes were selected and the range of impact was determined using mathematical methods such as regression analysis and variance analysis. The range of impact on animal populations was also discussed in terms of the minimum living areas required by animal populations and the fragmentation caused by highway construction. The results indicate that the zones impacted by highway construction were composed of both regular and anomalous figures, the range of impacts for different landforms of the two sample highways were substantially different; highway construction had dramatic effects on roadside ecosystem health; the impact on soil factors of farmland was greater than 200 m, and the distance may exceed 1000 m when important large animals were considered.     

宏观市场环境对BOT模式投资污水处理行业的影响研究

污水处理BOT投资模式是一种国际流行的公共基础设施建设融资方式。鉴于国内污水处理市场化程度较低、污水处理率及处理效率不高等压力,政府正通过调整行业政策,不断鼓励社会资本以BOT模式进入污水处理行业。污水处理市场前景与商机方面,中国污水处理市场发展空间巨大。市场环境方面,宏观经济发展速度对污水处理行业发展的影响不大;中国各项产业政策均有利于污水处理市场化发展;而且行业综合风险较低。投资收益方面,市政公用设施的性质特点,决定了污水处理行业投资收益率不高但长期稳定。总结来看,宏观市场环境将越来越有利于以BOT模式投资污水处理市场,BOT模式投资是可行的。     

A mini-microbial fuel cell for voltage testing of exoelectrogenic bacteria

Current methods for testing the electricity generation capacity of isolates are time- and labor-consuming. This paper presents a rapid voltage testing system of exoelectrogenic bacteria called Quickscreen, which is based on a microliter microbial fuel cell (MFC). Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella baltica were used as the model exoelectrogenic bacteria; Escherichia coli that cannot generate electricity was used as a negative control. It was found that the electricity generation capacity of the isolates could be determined within about five hours by using Quickscreen, and that its time was relatively rapid compared with the time needed by using larger MFCs. A parallel, stable, and low background voltage was achieved using titanium as a current collector in the blank run. The external resistance had little impact on the blank run during the initial period. The cathode with a five-hole configuration, used to hydrate the carbon cathode, gave higher cathode potential than that with a one-hole configuration. Steady discharge and current interrupt methods showed that the anode mostly contributed to the large internal resistance of the Quickscreen system. However, the addition of graphite felt decreased the resistance from 18 to 5 kΩ. This device was proved to be useful to rapidly evaluate the electricity generation capacity of different bacteria.     

地表水环境的灰色聚类分析

在环境质量评价中,环境系统包含的信息是不完全的和非确定性的,因此环境系统是一个灰色系统。传统的评价方法已不能满足要求,灰色聚类分析方法正是考虑了环境系统这一特点,因此现已被成功地运用于环境质量评价中。采用灰色聚类分析对西安某河流进行评价,并运用主成分分析各年之间的污染程度以及各污染指标之间相互关系,有效地提取了信息。     

某校区路面径流污染特性和控制措施的研究

以某校区的水体（A水库、B湖）为受纳水体,对降雨产生的路面径流及A水库和B湖水体进行采样,水质分析项目分别为pH、COD（化学需氧量）、SS（悬浮物）、TN（总氮）、TP（总磷）。以COD、SS作为主要的水质分析项目进行比较分析,确定路面降雨径流污染的主要特征,径流污染对校园水库、湖泊水质的影响。经过比较分析,提出采用植被控制法作为该校区路面径流污染控制措施对受纳水体进行保护。     

氢气还原海绵铁去除水体中硝酸盐的研究

利用小球烧结和氢气还原工艺制备了粒径1mm～5mm的多孔性球形海绵铁,对球形海绵铁去除水体中硝酸盐的效率及去除动力学进行了研究。结果表明:溶液初始pH值对硝酸盐去除效率的影响显著,初始pH值小于3时,硝酸盐的去除率随溶液初始pH的增加而逐渐降低;初始pH值大于3时,硝酸盐的去除率又随之升高。硝酸盐浓度低于10mgN/L时,硝酸盐去除率随着硝酸盐初始浓度的增加而增加,硝酸盐的残余量保持在0.4mgN/L左右;硝酸盐浓度高于20mgN/L时,硝酸盐的去除率随初始硝酸盐浓度的增加而略有降低。球形海绵铁去除硝酸盐为一级动力学反应,反应级数为0.970～1.378,表观反应速率常数为0.314h-1～0.536h-1。海绵铁还原硝酸盐的主要产物为氨氮,随着还原反应的进行,溶液pH值快速增加,氨氮以分子态氨的形式从水中逸出。进行归纳总结和对比,并以多环芳烃的提取为例列举了各方法的应用步骤,从而为其他环境样品其他有机物分析预处理提供参考。