Adsorption of acetanilide herbicides on soil and its components. II. Adsorption and catalytic hydrolysis of diethatyl-ethyl on saturated Na(+)-, K(+)-, Ca(2+)-, and Mg(2+)-montmorillonite

Adsorption and catalytic hydrolysis of the herbicide diethatyl-ethyl [N-chloroacetyl-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)glycine ethyl ester] on homoionic Na⁺-, K⁺-, Ca²⁺-, and Mg²⁺-montmorillonite clays were investigated in water solution. The Freundlich adsorption coefficient, Kf, got from isotherms on clay followed the order of Na⁺ K⁺ > Mg²⁺ Ca²⁺. Analysis of FT-IR spectra of diethatyl-ethyl adsorbed on clay suggests probable bonding at the carboxyl and amide carbonyl groups of the herbicide. The rate of herbicide hydrolysis in homoionic clay suspensions followed the same order as that for adsorption, indicating that adsorption may have preceded and thus caused hydrolysis. Preliminary product identification showed that hydrolysis occurred via nucleophilic substitution at the carboxyl carbon, causing the cleavage of the ester bond and formation of diethatyl and its dechlorinated derivative, and at the amide carbon, yielding an ethyl ester derivative and its acid.These pathways also suggest that hydrolysis of diethatyl-ethyl was catalyzed by adsorption on the clay surface.     

Soil carbon pool in China and its global significance

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甘肃金昌市矿产资源综合开发研究

金昌是我国著名的“镍都”。本文从分析金昌矿产资源综合开发的内外部环境入手,探讨了矿产资源空间组合与分布的富、大、贵、深、碎特点,矿产资源综合开发现状及存在问题,提出了矿产资源综合开发利用对策。     

汞对小麦幼苗生长和过氧化物酶同工酶的影响

过氧化物酶对植物的生长发育起着重要作用,对不良环境条件的反应也十分敏感。不少学者研究了不良因素对植物过氧化物酶活性及其同工酶谱的影响,证明在逆境条件下过氧化物酶活性常常增强,同工酶谱发生变化;但也有人认为没有影响。在汞作用下,小麦植株体内发生了一系列生理生化变化,但未见汞对小麦幼苗过氧化物酶同工酶影响的系统报道。     

城市河流底泥中汞形态转化规律的研究

黄浦江某支流上海市区河段底泥中汞形态分布的一个显著特征是水溶态汞和酸溶态有机汞之和占很大的比例(8—18％)。通过底泥在静止河水作用下的转化试验,发现底泥中水溶态汞、酸溶态无机汞以及碱溶态汞占总汞的百分含量分别呈一级反应和二级反应的动力学规律而衰减,其它各形态汞则随时间呈指数增加,转化速率几乎均随温度升高而增大,但水溶态汞向水相的释放量甚微,不会污染水体。通过各形态含量之间的相关,发现各种汞形态最终均转化为稳定的王水溶态汞。     

草浆中段废水不同生物处理工艺的比较研究

以水解酸化作为前期处理，再分别结合活性污泥法、SBR、接触氧化法处理草浆中段废水。发现在水解酸化运行阶段溶解氧（DO）水平对CODCr的去除有重大影响：DO在0-0.5mg/L时，去除率仅为44%；DO在0.5-1mg/L时，CODCr的去除率达到68％。水解酸化后，分别用活性污泥法、SBR、接触氧化法继续处理，CODCr的去除率分别为54％、55％、66％。结合三套工艺的运行条件和成本，以及处理效果，认为草浆中段废水处理的最佳工艺应为：水解酸化－SBR工艺。     

寡核苷酸探针LZF－I进行两栖类DNA指纹分析的初步研究

利用寡核苷酸探针ＬＺＦ－Ｉ对两栖类的３属８种２８只个体的冷冻和甲醛固定的肝组织作了检测．所获ＤＮＡ指纹图在个体、种和属间具有特异性．表明该探针进行ＤＮＡ指纹检测可为两栖动物种、属分类提供依据．     

青稞β-1,3-葡聚糖酶Ⅱ基因启动子的克隆分析及表达载体的构建

根据本实验室克隆并公布的藏青稞β-1,3-葡聚糖酶Ⅱ(BGH Ⅱ)基因序列,以藏青稞QB09基因组DNA为模板,构建DNA步移文库,并通过步移技术克隆出BGH Ⅱ起始密码子上游调控序列BGHP.鉴定和分析表明,BGHP具备大多数高等植物启动子的保守元件,预测它对BGHⅡ基因的表达具有一定的作用.为鉴定BGHⅡ基因的基本启动子元件,将基因5’侧翼序列做缺失片段分析,利用PCR方法从BGHP中得到3个不同大小两端带有HindⅢ、BamH Ⅰ酶切位点的片段BGHP1、BGHP2和BGHP3,定向插入载体pMGFP4(pBI221改建,报告基因为GFP)中,取代原有的CaMV35S启动子,构建了由驱动报告基因GFP的植物表达载体BGHPV1、BGHPV2和BGHPV3,用于大麦的遗传转化,为进一步研究其功能奠定了基础.图5表1参15     

Environmental Se–Mo–B Deficiency and its Possible Effects in Jiantou Keshan Disease Area in Shaanxi Province, China

Keshan disease (KD) occurs in a wide geographic belt stretching from the Heilongjiang Province in northeastern China to Yunnan Province in southwestern China, including Huangling County, Shaanxi Province. In order to research relationships between eco-environmental geochemistry and KD pertaining to Se, Mo, B, Zn, Mn, and Cu, this investigation was conducted in the Jiantou KD area in Huangling County, one of the areas in China where the incidence of KD is highest. Environmental samples (rock, soil, plant and childrens hair) were collected from the area. Se in plants is low, ranging from 0.03 to 0.06 µg Se g^–1 in corn, potato and soybean. Se contents in childrens hair are normal or reach the limitation of dangerous level. This study reports 0.18 µg Se g^–1, B <40 µg g^–1, and Mo <1.0 µg g^–1 in aeolian soil, 0.14–0.38 µg Mo g^–1 and 3–8 µg B g^–1 in corn and potato (daily staple food for local human beings in the area). The Jiantou KD area is one where the elements Se, Mo and B are deficient. It is proposed that the deficiency of elements Se, Mo and B may be involved in the pathogenicity of KD with respect to the eco-environmental system because Se, Mo and B are essential micronutrients for plants and human beings. It seems that there is no significant relationship between the Zn–Mn–K–Pb–Ba associations and KD.     

珍稀植物濒危机制及保育策略中的营养条件

首先简要论述了珍稀植物濒危的原因、濒危机制的各种理论和研究方法，包括就地保护和迁地保护两个方面的保育策略的制定与实践。然后着重从营养条件的角度对这些理论和现状进行了分析。认为濒危物种在其历史演化过程中存在的脆弱环节以及活植物迁地保护的评价标准均与营养条件密切相关，营养条件可能是某些物种濒危机制中的一个重要组成部分；营养条件方面的研究可以为保护区设立的大小提出指导性意见；珍稀植物迁地保护过程中应密切关注营养条件的影响；营养条件在一定程度上决定了对某些物种保育策略的制定；将分子生物学与植物营养学的研究方法相结合，将能成为珍稀植物濒危机制及保育策略研究中的一种有效手段。