发酵液回流对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响

针对厌氧发酵液回流可提高厌氧系统性能,而不适的回流比例又会造成系统酸化的现象,采用单相连续反应器研究了发酵液回流及不同回流比对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程的影响。结果表明:在1 gVS/L的有机负荷下进行三种比例(10%、30%、50%)的发酵液回流使系统日平均产气量比不回流阶段分别提高0.7%、13.0%、4.9%,且对气体甲烷含量无显著影响。回流使VFA降解更充分,也使系统缓冲能力得到调节,但在较高的回流比(50%)下会造成Na+积累从而抑制系统产气性能。     

广州地区紫外辐射特征和模式对比分析

根据中国气象局广州热带海洋气象研究所的紫外观测数据,研究了广州的紫外辐射季节变化,结果表明,2005年和2006年广州各月份紫外辐射强度的极值的最大值都出现在7月,2006年的达到了55.48W/㎡,极值的最小值也都出现在1月,2005年最小只有23.17W/㎡.利用NCAR(美国大气研究中心)的TUV模式,模拟研究了2005年11月16~29日一次从清洁到灰霾过程的典型个例,模拟的结果与实际观测基本一致,模式研究表明,在污染较轻时,TUV模式能够很好的模拟晴天紫外辐射的日变化,模式与实测之间有约7%~15%的误差. 随着污染的加剧,模式的偏差也变大.气溶胶对紫外辐射的影响相当大,在气溶胶污染严重时可使紫外辐射降低40%,气溶胶对紫外辐射的短波谱也有较大的影响,随着污染的加重,对紫外辐射的短波衰减会加强.     

2008年滇池流域水环境承载力评估

自20世纪70年代以来,随着经济迅猛发展以及人口的快速增长,滇池流域的水环境问题日益突出. 为深入了解造成当前水环境问题的根本原因,以水资源承载力和水环境承载力作为广义水环境承载力的基础进行综合分析,并且利用水资源供需平衡和水资源承载压力度反映水资源承载力,利用水环境承载率反映水环境承载力. 结果表明:滇池流域TN和TP的水环境承载率分别为0677和0355,处于超载状态,是导致滇池流域严重富营养化的主要原因;水资源承载压力度为145,远大于供需平衡,同样也处于超载状态,实际水资源盈亏为-59 037×104 m3,缺失严重. 因此,滇池流域水质型和资源型缺水问题共同存在.      

基于改进成功流法的消防系统可靠性研究

在多信号输入系统的可靠性研究中,传统GO法存在计算复杂、易出现误差和遗漏的缺点。将卡诺图化简法引入传统GO运算,利用其“合并同项,简化运算”的特点构建研究多信号输入系统可靠性的新GO模型。将其应用于预作用喷水灭火系统,对具有多启动方式的给水泵进行可靠性分析,并与事件树运算结果比较,证明新GO模型适用于具有多信号输入系统的可靠性研究。研究表明,通过采取措施降低多信号元器件故障概率可以提高系统整体可靠性。     

长山河水质评价及变化趋势分析

以2015 ～2019年长山河4个水质监测站的监测数据为基础,采用综合水质标识指数法对其历年水质进行评价,利用季节性kendall检验法对各监测断面的高锰酸盐指数,氨氮,总磷等3个监测指标变化趋势进行分析.结果 表明:长山河各断面的综合水质均达到或优于水功能区目标要求,水质污染总体呈下降趋势,其中长山河大桥和长山闸一号...     

Changes in CO2 flux for different recovery processes of desertification in the alpine meadows of Northwest Sichuan北大核心CSCD

Desertification has emerged as a serious threat to the alpine meadows of Northwest Sichuan in recent decades. Artificial vegetation had certain effects on desertification recovery, while how the CO2 flux changed and its reasons are still unclear. During the growing season in 2016 (i.e., from July to September), we selected the desertified alpine meadows with different recovery degrees, including the early stage of restoration, the middle stage of restoration, the late stage of restoration, and control (the unrecovered desertification meadow) as four transects. CO2 flux was measured by the instrument LI-8100, and the microenvironment factors that affected CO2 flux changes were analyzed. The results showed that the carbon sequestration function of desertified alpine meadows gradually increased with the degree of recovery. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) were -1.61, -3.55, and -4.38 μmol m-2 s-1 in the early, mid-term, and late transects, respectively, and the most dramatic changes occurred from the early stage to mid-term stage, increasing by 120.50%. Both ecosystem respiration (ER) and soil respiration (SR) were enhanced significantly with restoration (P < 0.05). In mid or late July, NEE, ER, and SR reached their maximum values, and thereafter, the indicators varied to near zero (P < 0.05). During the whole growing season, the daily dynamic in CO2 flux for the control alpine meadow was mild and retained the trend of continuous release all day, but that in the desertified alpine meadow was a single peak pattern. Moreover, with restoration process, the peak of CO2 flux increased and reached a peak in the late stage of the recovery process. The regression analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between CO2 flux and vegetation coverage, aboveground biomass, and soil moisture (0-5 cm) (P < 0.01), and a weak correlation with 0-5-cm soil temperature (P < 0.01). This indicates that topsoil moisture (5 cm) is a more significant factor for CO2 flux than topsoil temperature during the growing season in the restoration of desertified alpine meadows in Northwest Sichuan. In general, the vegetation recovery significantly improved the carbon-sequestration ability of the desertified alpine meadows during the growing season in Northwest Sichuan, and at the middle stage of restoration, the carbon-sequestration ability improved significantly due to vegetation restoration and increase in topsoil (0-5 cm) moisture. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

钢筋混凝土梁裂缝宽度与裂缝深度的相关性试验研究

裂缝的出现极大地降低梁的使用寿命。裂缝宽度和裂缝深度作为裂缝的两个主要参数,目前对前者的研究相对成熟,而后者的研究甚少。通过对8根钢筋混凝土梁的静力加载试验,研究由荷载引起的结构裂缝宽度与深度的相关性发展形态,并考虑混凝土强度、保护层厚度和钢筋直径对裂缝特征的影响。结果表明:混凝土梁裂缝宽度的发展主要与钢筋配筋率有关;梁的开裂荷载与混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度有一定关系;裂缝宽度与深度的相关性大致呈三段式的发展,并拟合二者的曲线。     

Application and mechanism of polysaccharide extracted from Enteromorpha to remove nano-ZnO and humic acid in coagulation process

Green source Ep was extracted from marine alga waste. The molecule model structure of Ep was studied and constructed. PAC-Ep coagulation system improves the efficiency of removal efficiency. Synergistic effects between NPs and HA make a big difference to enhance efficiency. Mechanism is charge neutralization, hydrogen bonding and adsorbing-complexing Enteromorpha polysaccharide (Ep) extracted from alga a novel green coagulant aid for nanoparticles (NPs) and heavy metal ions removal and the structure of EP was intensively studied in this study. The integration of Ep with polyaluminum chloride (PAC-Ep) coagulants exhibited higher coagulation performance than that of the polyaluminum chloride (PAC) because of the negatively charged NPs suspension and humic aid (HA) solution. Significant high removal efficiencies of dissolved organic matter (94.1%), turbidity (99.3%) and Zn ions (69.3%) were achieved by the PAC-Ep coagulants. The dual-coagulation properties of PAC-Ep for different pollutants was based on multiple mechanisms, including (i) Al³⁺ charge neutralization; (ii) hydroxy aluminum hydroxyl bridging formed polynuclearhydroxy complexes bridge and sweep colloidal particles; (iii) adsorption and bridging of Ep chain for the NPs and heavy metal ions. Results indicated that the destabilization of colloid was induced by the coexisting HA and higher removal was achieved as ions adsorption was enhance in the presence of HA complexation. On the basis of that, the extraction of polysaccharide is a promising candidate for its high coagulation performance in water treatment.     

膨润土团粒的压实性能研究

高放核废料深地质处置中,膨润土缓冲/回填材料需要满足低渗透性要求,实现阻滞地下水入渗和放射性核素泄漏的目标。增强膨润土防渗能力的常规方法是采用增大压实功提高其密实度,但该方法十分耗时耗能。为此,尝试从调整膨润土团(颗)粒级配角度,探究提高压实度的有效方法。首先,配置不同团粒级配和初始含水率的膨润土试样,再利用压力机压实到45 kN;最后,采用液氮冻干法干燥不同状态的试样,通过压汞仪获得其孔隙分布曲线。结果表明:相同压实荷载下(45 kN),干密度随含水率呈先增大后减小的整体变化趋势,含水率约为20%时压实效果最佳,其中O-B组合与A-B-3组合具有双峰特征;另外,通过调整团粒级配,压实效果显著提升,最大干密度由1.64 g/cm-3提高到1.72 g/cm³,其中A-B-3团粒组合效果最好。孔隙分布曲线表明,压实荷载只能压缩-3.59~0.188 μm-范围的孔隙,而对26 nm左右的孔隙没有影响。当含水率超过20%时,依靠增大压实荷载不能提高其压实度,但当改变团粒组合后,却可以有效提高其压实性能。     

三棱钻杆粉体负载扭矩计算模型研究

为了实现三棱钻杆转动过程的定量化计算,在分析了三棱钻杆排粉机理的基础上,提出了基本假设,建立了扭矩基本物理模型,并阐述了物理模型的求解过程,得到了基本参数的解析解。在此基础上,对相关参数的求取方法以及最小扭矩问题进行了分析讨论,求得了钻孔内煤粉密度ρ的解析解以及降低钻杆整体扭矩的方法,提出了实际应用环节测定临界转速w界的实验方法,并得到了提高钻孔长度的理论方法。