池塘残饵对底泥氮、磷释放影响的模拟研究

运用室内静态模拟的方法,设置静态释放组(A组)和饲料添加组(B组),研究了池塘残饵分解对底泥氮、磷释放的影响.结果表明,A组DO高于B组(P<0.05),A组pH值为中性,B组pH值呈弱酸性.添加饲料后,B组硝态氮低于A组(P<0.05),而B组活性磷高于A组(P<0.05).实验第2~14 d,A组氨氮高于B组(P<0.05),此后B组氨氮升高,实验结束时B组氨氮高于A组(P<0.05).研究表明,添加饲料的B组,初期氨氮和硝态氮的释放都受到抑制.静态释放的A组,氮的释放变化是先上升,后降低的趋势,而饲料添加的B组,氮的释放变化趋势则是先降低,后升高.B组饲料分解向上覆水释放大量的磷,活性磷的变化呈现先上升后下降的趋势.     

中国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气NOx分布特征

为了探究我国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气NO_x的分布特征,于2015年11月-2016年1月,利用中国极地科学考察船"雪龙号"的观测平台,采用Saltzman法对中国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气NO_x日均浓度进行了监测.结果表明,中国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气ρ（NO_x）的变化范围为0.001~0.038 mg/m3,ρ（NO）的变化范围为0.001~0.033 mg/m3,ρ（NO₂）的变化范围为0（未检出）~0.015 mg/m3.中国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气中,NO是NO_x的主要成分.南极圈外海洋近地层大气中NO_x的分布特征显示距离陆地越近,ρ（NO_x）越高,NO₂/NO（二者质量浓度比值）越大,反映出海陆差异及人为污染对海洋近地层大气的影响.远离陆地的南大洋航段ρ（NO_x）显示较低的大洋背景值.南桑威奇群岛的火山活动导致附近海域异常高浓度的NO_x分布,ρ（NO_x）最高值达0.160 mg/m3,ρ（NO）为0.145 mg/m3,ρ（NO₂）为0.015 mg/m3.西风带的阻隔导致该区域NO_x向周围扩散时,难以穿越西风带,向南极大陆边缘扩散的趋势更加强烈,影响大范围南大洋近地层大气NO_x分布.人为活动可能是南极半岛和中山站附近海洋近地层大气高ρ（NO_x）和高NO₂/NO的原因之一.      

云南白秧坪多金属成矿区构造特征及其控矿作用

通过区域地质构造、矿区构造特征分析 ,论述了云南白秧坪多金属成矿区东矿带、西矿带的主要地质构造特征及其构造控矿作用 ,并探讨了区域构造导矿与成矿及其对成矿带的控制作用、小型褶皱及推覆构造对矿床的控制作用、次级断裂对矿体的控制作用、构造环境下岩石的屏蔽与容矿作用和构造环境中碳质来源及其成矿作用等问题     

成都经济区土壤中HCH和DDT含量及其分布特点

通过对成都经济区土壤中HCH各异构体、DDT及其衍生物的含量及分布特点研究,得出成都经济区土壤中HCH和DDT都有较高的检出率,含量变化幅度也很大,含量较高点主要分布在化工厂附近。对比其他地区研究结果,成都经济区HCH含量较低,DDT含量较高。以西藏地区作为背景值,HCH有一定的污染,DDT污染较为严重。     

深圳市郊区大气中PM2.5的特征分析

为了确定深圳市郊区大气中PM2.5的污染特征,本研究分析了2009年和2010年夏季和冬季PM2.5样品中的水溶性离子和多环芳烃成分.结果表明,深圳市郊区大气中PM2.5的质量浓度很高,夏季53.9%和冬季100%的样品超过了WHO的大气质量准则浓度.PM2.5中,冬季最主要的3种离子是SO24-、NO3-和NH4＋.在夏季,这3种离子在PM2.5中的含量都会减少,而Cl-、Na＋、K＋、Ca2＋和Mg2＋的含量会增多.另外,冬季是多环芳烃浓度较高的季节,其中萘、苊烯、苊和苯并荧蒽是冬季PM2.5中多环芳烃的主要成分.本研究还通过比值法和特征化合物法对深圳市郊区大气中的PM2.5进行了源解析,确定了PM2.5的可能来源.     

道路建设生态影响评价的方法

分析了中国目前道路建设的生态影响评价的现状及存在的主要问题，结合日本道路建设的生态影响评价程序与方法，提出了未来中国道路建设生态影响评价方法研究重点。     

单室MFC型生物毒性传感器对重金属离子的检测研究

构建了单室微生物燃料电池(air-cathode microbial fuel cell,ACMFC)型生物毒性传感器,以含重金属离子(Cd2+、Cu2+)人工配水为检测对象,分析了有毒物质对检测仪的抑制率与有毒物质浓度的线性关系.结果表明,①单室MFC型生物毒性传感器结构简单,操作方便,灵敏度较高,可用于水体重金属离子(Cd2+、Cu2+)生物毒性的快速检测;②在实验条件下,该生物毒性传感器检测时间4h,清洗时间2～10min,恢复时间4h;③检测结果显示,实验室自配Cd2+、Cu2+及其混合液IC20值分别为0.6、0.8和0.25mg/L,有毒物质浓度与MFC产电量的抑制率呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.9960、0.9744和0.9907.     

Identifying water resources management strategies in adaptation to climate change under uncertainty

In this study, an integrated simulation-based allocation modeling system (ISAMS) is developed for identifying water resources management strategies in response to climate change. The ISAMS incorporates global climate models (GCMs), a semi-distributed land use-based runoff process (SLURP) model, and a multistage interval-stochastic programming (MISP) approach within a general framework. The ISAMS can not only handle uncertainties expressed as probability distributions and interval values but also reveal climate change impacts on water resources allocation under different projections of GCMs. The ISAMS is then applied to the Kaidu-kongque watershed with cold arid characteristics in the Tarim River Basin (the largest inland watershed basin in China) for demonstrating its efficiency. Results reveal that different climate change models corresponding to various projections (e.g., precipitation and temperature) would lead to changed water resources allocation patterns. Variations in water availability and demand due to uncertainties could result in different water allocation targets and shortages. A variety of decision alternatives about water allocations adaptive to climate change are generated under combinations of different global climate models and ecological water release plans. These findings indicate that understanding the uncertainties in water resources system, building adaptive methods for generating sustainable water allocation patterns, and taking actions for mitigating water shortage problems are key adaptation strategies responding to climate change.     

Co-fermentation of waste activated sludge with food waste for short-chain fatty acids production: effect of pH at ambient temperature

Effect of pH ranging from 4.0 to 11.0 on cofermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS) with food waste for short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production at ambient temperature was investigated in this study. Experimental results showed that the addition of food waste significantly improved the performance of WAS fermentation system, which resulted in the increases of SCFAs production and substrate reduction. The SCFAs production at pH 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0 and fermentation time of 4 d was respectively 5022.7, 6540.5, 8236.6, and 7911.7 mg COD·L⁻¹, whereas in the blank tests (no pH adjustment, pH 8.0 (blank test 1), no food waste addition, pH 8.0 (blank test 2), and no WAS addition (blank test 3)) it was only 1006.9, 971.1, and 1468.5 mg COD·L⁻¹, respectively. The composition of SCFAs at pH from 6.0 to 9.0 was also different from other conditions and propionic acid was the most prevalent SCFA, which was followed by acetic and n-butyric acids, while acetic acid was the top product under other conditions. At pH 8.0 a higher volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction of 16.6% for the mixture of WAS and food waste than the sole WAS indicated a synergistic effect existing in fermentation system with WAS and food waste. The influence of pH on the variations of nutrient content was also studied during anaerobic fermentation of the mixture of WAS and food waste at different pH conditions. The release of NH₄⁺-N increased with fermentation time at all pH values investigated except 4.0, 5.0 and in blank test one. The concentrations of soluble phosphorus at acidic pHs and in the blank test one were higher than those obtained at alkaline pHs. Ammonia and phosphorus need to be removed before the SCFAs-enriched fermentation liquid from WAS and food waste was used as the carbon source.     

核级高效空气过滤器的结构与阻力关系探讨

探讨了核级高效空气过滤器的结构形式与过滤阻力之间的关系.分别采用进口的和国产的过滤材料,制作了一批不同褶间距(2.5～8.2mm)、褶深(33～275 mm)和褶形状的高效空气过滤器,并对其过滤阻力进行了测试,研究了高效空气过滤器的结构与阻力之间的关系.实验结果表明,对于进口过滤材料.当褶深为33 mm、52 mm和73 mm时,过滤阻力最低时相应的褶间距分别为2.7 mm、3.4 mm和4.0 mm;对于国产过滤材料,当褶深为33 mm、52 mm、73 mm、105 mm和245 mm时,过滤阻力最低时,相应的褶间距分别为2.5 mm,3.1 mm、3.7 mm、4.8 mm和5.4 mm.因此,不同的过滤材料.应该有不同的过滤器最佳结构参数.此外,V形过滤材料褶过滤器比矩形过滤材料褶过滤器的阻力低.