航空公司安全目标控制的研究与改进

通过对航空公司安全目标控制现状的分析,得出了前馈控制中维修隐患查找不力,现场控制中员工自控和领导监督缺乏针对性、安全目标激励作用大打折扣、规章手册不利于查找,以及公司的反馈控制名存实亡等问题。并提出改进意见：针对维修隐患查找提出了新的查找机制;对员工安全指标排序,作为控制和监督的依据;引进目视管理,增强安全目标的激励作用;建议为维修员工提供能够快速查找相关手册项目的设备;使用滚动计划法制定安全计划,并借用其反馈框架,引入因果图查找产生偏差的原因。     

城镇化下平原水系变化及河网连通性影响研究

针对平原区城镇化背景下水系减少及连通受阻等下垫面变化引起的洪涝加剧问题,综合考虑水系结构和水力特性等因素,建立满足行洪排涝需求的平原水系连通度量方法,并以浙东沿海平原河网区为例,分析了城镇化下平原水系特征变化及其对河网连通度的影响。结果表明:1近20a来研究区水系数量和结构复杂性均存在不同程度的衰减,河网密度和水面率分别减少20%和30%左右,水系尤其是低等级河道的减少导致河网结构趋于骨干化;2河网连通度受水面率等数量特征和水系空间连接结构的共同影响,在水系数量持续减少情况下,整个河网连通度呈现先减少后增加的趋势,说明了骨干河道工程对水系空间结构特征的优化,可缓解水系减弱对河网连通的负面效应;3建立的河网连通度方法合理反映了水系数量和结构变化下的河网连通度演变规律,以及水系变化下区域排涝能力的空间差异特征,具有操作性强特点。     

近52a西南地区潜在蒸散发时空变化特征

潜在蒸散发对水资源评价和气候变化均具有重要意义。采用Penman-Monteith公式和气象观测资料计算了中国西南地区90个气象站的潜在蒸散发,并采用多种统计方法分析了潜在蒸散发的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)西南地区近52a的平均潜在蒸散发为3 209.8 mm,其中云南省潜在蒸散发最高(3 664.7 mm),其次为四川省(3 015.0 mm)、重庆市(2 972.4 mm)、贵州省(2 958.0 mm)。四季潜在蒸散发空间分布特征与年不同,从大到小排序为夏季,春季,秋季,冬季。(2)西南地区整体呈增加趋势(0.9 mm/10 a),其中31个站点呈减少趋势(p0.1),17个站点呈增加趋势(p0.1),其余站点变化趋势不显著。大部分站点春季(55.6%)和夏季(63.3%)呈减少趋势,秋季(62.2%)和冬季(58.9%)则呈增加趋势。(3)经MannKendall突变检验,该区整体潜在蒸散发的突变时间为1995年(p0.05);单个站点突变检验显示,76个站点发生突变,突变年份集中于1980s,未发生突变的站点主要分布于青藏高原东缘。整体上看,近52a来西南地区潜在蒸散发略呈增加趋势,并存在突变点,但部分站点存在相反的变化趋势,这和复杂的地形环境和气候特征有较大关系,体现出西南地区水文气象变化的独特性。     

无功交换对含大量风电场地区电网稳定性影响

针对含大量风电场的地区电网外送电时,外送联络线通道发生永久故障问题,运用电力系统综合分析程序(power system analysis softwarepackage, PSASP)仿真其动态过程,分析无功交换潮流对地区电网形成孤网后稳定性的影响,提出稳定控制策略。结果表明:无功交换潮流较小时,对孤网影响不大;当无功交换潮流较大时,应及时采取如:投退无功补偿装置、限制风电出力、切除部分负荷等措施进行稳定控制。     

白鹤滩水电站岩质边坡微震活动特征研究*

白鹤滩水电站左岸边坡高陡,应力条件复杂,存在LS_(331)、LS_(337)、LS_(3319)层内错动带,F17断层等软弱结构面,施工期和运营期安全问题十分突出。为评价其左岸边坡开挖稳定性,利用微震监测系统对边坡微震活动进行实时监测,并分析微震活动的时空以及震级分布,揭示岩质边坡开挖扰动下的微震活动特性及其施工响应特征。结果表明:开挖强度越大,边坡损伤越大,微震活动越活跃;爆破后0.5h内应力急剧调整,微震活动频繁;震级分布在-1.6~0.4之间,爆破开挖诱发大量震级小能量低的微震事件,诱发边坡的渐进损伤;软弱结构面是微震事件的主要活动区域,具有发生破坏变形的可能性;左岸边坡岩石破裂以复合型破坏和剪切破坏为主,伴随少量拉伸破坏。该研究可为工程后续开挖和支护提供参考,为同类微震活动特性分析提供一定的借鉴。     

Simulation of dam/levee-break hydrodynamics with a three-dimensional implicit unstructured-mesh finite element model

Dam failures usually cause huge economic and life losses , especially in urban areas where there is a high concentration of inhabitants and economic actors. In order to understand the physical mechanisms of the formation and development of dam-break flooding, lots of efforts have been put into different types of modelling techniques. However, most of existing models are 1D (one-dimensional) or 2D models based on the shallow water equations. In this paper, we present a 3D numerical modelling investigation of dam-break flow hydrodynamics in an open L-shape channel. A newly developed 3D unstructured mesh finite element model is used here. An absorption-like term is introduced to the Navier–Stokes equations in order to control the conditioning of the matrix equation in the numerical solution process and thus improve the stability. A wetting and drying algorithm is used here to allow the free surface height to be treated with a high level of implicitness and stability. The 3D model has been validated by comparing the results with the published experimental data. Good agreement has been achieved at six selected locations. This study shows that the 3D unstructured mesh model is capable of capturing the 3D hydraulic aspects and complicated local flows around structures in simulation of dam-break flows.     

Competition for electrons between reductive dechlorination and denitrification

It is common that 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) coexists with nitrate or nitrite in industrial wastewaters. In this work, simultaneous reductive dechlorination of TCP and denitrification of nitrate or nitrite competed for electron donor, which led to their mutual inhibition. All inhibitions could be relieved to a certain degree by augmenting an organic electron donor, but the impact of the added electron donor was strongest for TCP. For simultaneous reduction of TCP together with nitrate, TCP’s removal rate value increased 75% and 150%, respectively, when added glucose was increased from 0.4 mmol?L^–1 to 0.5 mmol?L^–1 and to 0.76 mmol?L^–1. For comparison, the removal rate for nitrate increased by only 25% and 114% for the same added glucose. The relationship between their initial biodegradation rates versus their initial concentrations could be represented well with the Monod model, which quantified their half-maximum-rate concentration (K _S value), and K _S values for TCP, nitrate, and nitrite were larger with simultaneous reduction than independent reduction. The increases in K _S are further evidence that competition for the electron donor led to mutual inhibition. For bioremediation of wastewater containing TCP and oxidized nitrogen, both reduction reactions should proceed more rapidly if the oxidized nitrogen is nitrite instead of nitrate and if readily biodegradable electron acceptor is augmented.

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三氯卡班可以影响肾小管上皮细胞的屏障功能

三氯卡班(TCC)是一种被广泛应用于个人护理用品中的广谱型亲脂性杀菌剂,已在多种环境介质和生物体中检出。因其潜在的环境蓄积、生物累积和生物毒性效应,日益受到学者们的关注。借助TCC对NRK-52E(大鼠肾小管上皮细胞)的毒性暴露实验,通过检测细胞活力、以及与跨膜电阻和紧密连接相关的连接黏附分子1(JAM~(-1),junctional adhesion molecule 1)的蛋白表达水平,研究了TCC潜在的肾脏毒性效应。结果显示,10μmol·L~(-1)TCC处理48 h时培养细胞呈现不规则的集落;10μmol·L~(-1)和20μmol·L~(-1)TCC处理NRK-52E 24 h、48 h和72 h后可以显著抑制细胞生长;3.57μmol·L~(-1)TCC(生长抑制的48 hIC20)处理NRK-52E 48 h可以显著抑制细胞间紧密连接蛋白JAM~(-1)的表达量,并降低跨膜电阻,影响肾脏的屏障功能。本研究的结果能够为进一步揭示TCC对动物的毒害机制、评估其对动物的健康风险提供数据支持。     

A dynamic modelling of nutrient metabolism in a cyclic activated sludge technology (CAST) for treating low carbon source wastewater

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A new mathematical model incorporating biopolymer kinetics and the process of the simultaneous storage and growth are established for the treatment of...     

利用CRT屏玻璃制备板状泡沫玻璃

以废旧阴极射线管(CRT屏)为主要原料,混合碳粉作为发泡剂,硼砂为助熔剂、稳泡剂,利用烧结法制备出的板状泡沫玻璃是一种高性能无机建筑保温材料。利用TG-DSC-MS研究分析了CRT屏玻璃的热性能与发泡剂协同作用的关系。配合料被预先压制成板块状,然后在发泡温度下进行烧成。研究了发泡剂碳粉的含量、发泡温度和发泡时间与其结构、性能的关系。研究分析表明,以废CRT屏玻璃为主要原料、碳粉为发泡剂,将混合料压制成块,烧制出板状泡沫玻璃。其较佳的发泡温度为850℃、碳粉的最佳用量范围为0.3%～0.5%,较好的发泡时间为30 min。烧制的板状泡沫玻璃的密度为0.292 g/cm3。在相同的制备条件下,随着发泡温度的升高,气泡孔径也呈现增大趋势,孔壁也逐渐变薄。随着发泡时间逐渐增加,气孔的直径迅速增大,并有形成连通孔。