钱塘江(杭州段)水中有机氯农药残留污染特征及健康风险评价

利用气相色谱法对采集于2013年5月、7月和11月的钱塘江(杭州段)表层水中10种有机氯农药(OCPs)残留进行了分析,初步明确其组成特征及来源,并对其健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,钱塘江(杭州段)水体中检出5种微量的OCPs,检出频率最高的是β-HCH和δ-HCH.14个采样点均有不同浓度检出,钱塘江干流∑OCPs的浓度范围在1.31~6.68 ng·L-1,属低污染水平,3条主要支流∑OCPs的浓度范围则是1.32~4.23 ng·L-1.钱塘江(杭州段)水体中OCPs污染空间分布各异,上游兰江点位及桐庐县、富阳市境内各点位总体浓度相对较高.通过特征组分比例可确认HCHs污染主要源于农田中使用有机氯类农药的降解残留及新的林丹污染输入,且非固定污染源输入.利用EPA推荐方法对通过饮水和皮肤接触途径摄入钱塘江水体中OCPs的健康风险进行评价:非致癌健康风险指数介于8.56×10-5~1.82×10-3,根据评价标准均未超标;致癌健康风险指数在3.96×10-8~1.93×10-7,均位于可忽略风险范围内.结果表明钱塘江(杭州段)作为饮用水水源,其水体中OCPs残留引起对人体产生的致癌、非致癌健康危害可忽略.     

鄂尔多斯市秋季大气PM2.5、PM10颗粒物中正构烷烃的组成分布与来源特征

利用气相色谱-质谱技术分析了秋季鄂尔多斯市居民区、工业区和清洁区5个采样点大气PM2,、PM10颗粒物中正构烷烃组分,运用Cmax、CPl、Cn(wax)分子地球化学参数对污染源进行了初步示踪研究,并对污染程度进行了判断.结果表明,鄂尔多斯市秋季大气PM2.5、PM10颗粒物上正构烷烃来源相对比较复杂,各功能区均不同程度的受到人为来源正构烷烃污染的影响.总体来说,工业区和居民区人为来源正构烷烃污染较重,这两个功能区污染状况基本相当,而清洁区受人为来源正构烷烃污染相对较小.在鄂尔多斯地区,气候因素尤其是风向因素对大气颗粒物上正构烷烃污染水平的影响比较大.通过与我国其它大中型城市进行对比发现,我国大部分城市市区大气PM2.5、PM10颗粒物中正构烷烃主要来自于人为污染排放.     

Oxidative removal of acetaminophen using zero valent aluminum-acid system: Efficacy, influencing factors, and reaction mechanism

Commercial available zero valent aluminum under air-equilibrated acidic conditions (ZVAl/H⁺/air system) demonstrated an excellent capacity to remove aqueous organic compounds. Acetaminophen (ACTM), the active ingredient of the over-the-counter drug Tylenol^®, is widely present in the aquatic environment and therefore the treatment of ACTM-contaminated water calls for further research. Herein we investigated the oxidative removal of ACTM by ZVAl/H⁺/air system and the reaction mechanism. In acidic solutions (pH < 3.5), ZVAl displayed an excellent capacity to remove ACTM. More than 99% of ACTM was eliminated within 16 hr in pH 1.5 reaction solutions initially containing 2.0 g/L aluminum and 2.0 mg/L ACTM at 25 ± 1\textcelsius. Higher temperature and lower pH facilitated ACTM removal. The addition of different iron species Fe⁰, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ into ZVAl/H⁺/air system dramatically accelerated the reaction likely due to the enhancing transformation of H₂O₂ to HO. via Fenton's reaction. Furthermore, the primary intermediate hydroquinone and the anions formate, acetate and nitrate, were identified and a possible reaction scheme was proposed. This work suggested that ZVAl/H⁺/air system may be potentially employed to treat ACTM-contaminated water.     

Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, Southern China: Implications for sources and historical changes

The distribution of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd and As) in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary was investigated. The spatial distribution of heavy metals displayed a decreasing pattern from the turbidity maxima to both upstream and downstream of the estuary, which suggested that suspended sediments played an important role in the trace metal distribution in the Pearl River Estuary. In addition, metal concentrations were higher in the west part of the estuary which received most of the pollutants from the Pearl River. In the sediment cores, fluxes of heavy metals were consistent with a predominant anthropogenic input in the period 1970-1990. From the mid-1990s to the 2000s, there was a significant decline in heavy metal pollution. The observed decline has shown the result of pollution control in the Pearl River Delta. However, it is noteworthy that the metal concentrations in the most recent sediment still remained considerably high. Taken together, the enrichment of heavy metals in sediments was largely controlled by anthropogenic pollution.     

UASB反应器对印染废水中碳、氮、硫的协同去除研究

采用"UASB-缺氧好氧-混凝沉淀"组合工艺对印染废水进行中试处理研究.结果发现,UASB反应器不仅可以解决印染废水可生化性低、色度高的问题,还对废水中的碳、氮、硫具有协同去除作用,优化条件下UASB可将废水B/C从0.18~0.26提高至0.4以上,对色度、COD、TN、SO_4~(2-)、S~(2-)平均去除率分别为77.0%、36.4%、38.5%、77.5%、60.1%.同时,为了探究碳、氮、硫协同去除机理,对优化条件下的运行数据进行了分析并采用454高通量测序技术进行菌种鉴定.结果表明,UASB反应器内存在硫酸盐还原、厌氧氨化、同步脱硫反硝化和硝化反硝化4种作用,从而造成了碳、氮、硫的同步去除.菌种鉴定未发现产甲烷菌,说明产甲烷菌受到了抑制,UASB反应器很好地停留在了水解酸化阶段.进一步结合小试研究得出,硫酸盐还原是促使硝化反硝化、脱硫反硝化产生的原因,同时也促进了有机物去除.总体而言,硫酸盐还原促进了碳、氮、硫的协同去除.     

Relation of lead adsorption on birnessites with different average oxidation states of manganese and release of Mn^2＋/H^＋/K^＋

The characteristics of Pb2+ adsorption on the surface of birnessites with different average oxidation states (AOS) of Mn, synthesized under acidic and alkali conditions, were investigated. The results indicated that the amount of adsorbed Pb2+ increased with the increase of Mn AOS in birnessites. The amount of Pb2+ adsorbed positively correlated with the amount of released Mn2+, H+, and K+ (r = 0.9962 > 0.6614, n = 14, α = 0.01). The released Mn2+, H+, and K+ were derived mostly from the corresponding catio...     

强化供氧条件下潜流型人工湿地运行特性

针对潜流型人工湿地中溶解氧浓度和脱氮率偏低的问题,试验研究了强化供氧对植物和微生物的影响及人工湿地内溶解氧浓度、净化效率的变化规律.结果表明,强化供氧宜在湿地前端进行,最佳气水比为6左右,可采用连续供氧方式.供氧对湿地植物生理特性无明显不良影响,可显著增加湿地中硝化菌、反硝化菌数量,硝化菌可比供氧前高出1～2个数量级,反硝化菌高出1个数量级.强化供氧有效改善了湿地内氧环境,供氧前湿地内溶氧浓度普遍低于0.6 mg/L,供氧后氧浓度上升至1 mg/L以上.强化供氧有利于各类污染物质尤其是有机物和氮类物质的去除,有机物去除率比原湿地高出10％左右, TN去除率能够达到60％以上.因此,强化充氧措施具有较好的研究和应用价值.     

小流域前置库表层沉积物农药分布特征及影响因素

利用LC-MS检测了高铺小河及前置库不同水文期15个表层水体及沉积物中8种常用农药,探讨了表层沉积物农药的分布特征、影响因素及沉积物-水交换行为。结果表明:研究区表层水体和沉积物中阿特拉津等8种农药都有检出,季节性变化从高到低依次为丰水期>平水期>枯水期;表层沉积物农药分布特征显示前置库对农药有明显削减作用;表层沉积物中所检农药的分布受TOC及粒径分布的影响。沉积物-水交换行为研究表明:高埔小河前置库主要通过颗粒沉降作用去除水中农药类有机污染物,沉积物农药作为二次污染源对上覆水风险性较小。     

Emission of intermediate volatility organic compounds from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil

Intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) are crucial precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, gaseous IVOCs emitted from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil (HFO) were investigated on a test bench, which could simulate the real-world operations and emissions of ocean-going ships. The chemical compositions, emission factors (EFs) and volatility distributions of IVOC emissions were investigated. The results showed that the main engine burning HFO emitted a large amount of IVOCs, with average IVOC EFs of 20.2–201?mg/kg-fuel. The IVOCs were mainly comprised of unspeciated compounds. The chemical compositions of exhaust IVOCs were different from that of HFO fuel, especially for polycyclic aromatic compounds and alkylcyclohexanes. The volatility distributions of IVOCs were also different between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel. The distinctions in IVOC emission characteristics between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel should be considered when assessing the IVOC emission and related SOA formation potentials from ocean-going ships burning HFO, especially when using fuel-surrogate models.     

迁安市污水收集与处理效能定量评估

污水收集与处理效能直接影响合流制排水体制下的水安全和水环境,是海绵城市建设中需要解析评估的重要内容.以迁安市为例,建立覆盖"污染源—管网关键节点—污水处理厂"的监测网络,基于同步水量、水质监测结果,定量解析生活污水污染物排放系数和污水处理系统收集与处理效能,并定位问题管段具体位置和主要问题.结果表明:①合流制小区CODCr、NH3-N排放系数分别为43. 4、13. 3 g(人·d),分流制小区CODCr、NH3-N排放系数略高,分别为53. 1、14. 5 g(人·d).②受地下水、河水入渗的双重影响,生活污水从进入市政管网后污染物质量浓度大幅下降,保守估计下入渗率约为32. 5%,合流制管网截污干管至污水处理厂地下水、河水入渗量达到了14 471 m3d,分流制干管至污水处理厂地下水入渗量约为19 777 m3d.③污水处理厂进水水质指标均远小于设计进水水质,还存在C源不足、一部分比例的污水可生化性较差的特征,进水BOD5TN〔ρ(BOD5)ρ(TN)〕变化范围为0. 47～4. 32,平均值仅为1. 68.研究显示,地下水河水入渗严重降低污水收集处理效能,建议海绵城市建设中重视对于污水收集处理效能的摸底评估,并从污水处理系统设计和管网缺陷修复上大力整改.