饮用水常规处理工艺中细菌群落的时空分布

为弄清饮用水常规处理工艺过程中细菌群落的时空分布和动态变化规律,以我国南方某市一常规处理工艺水厂为研究对象,采用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术对夏季和冬季原水、沉后水、滤后水、出厂水和滤砂生物膜等细菌群落进行解析.结果表明,出厂水pH值、浊度、COD_Mn、菌落总数等指标均满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749-2006）的要求.夏季细菌多样性明显高于冬季,混凝沉淀和消毒是影响细菌群落多样性和组成的主要工艺单元.细菌群落组成呈现一定的季节性变化,水样中优势菌门主要包括变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）等,在滤砂生物膜样品中,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）亦占绝对优势.在属水平上,检测到的条件致病菌属包括弧形菌属（Vibrio）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）和分支杆菌属（Mycobacterium）.水温和溶解氧是影响细菌群落的主要水质参数.     

湖北省2008~2017年人类活动净氮输入状况

为探究湖北省人类净氮输入状况,本文基于湖北省14个地级市（省直辖县）行政单元统计数据,利用人类活动净氮输入（NANI）模型,核算湖北省2008~2017年的人类活动净氮输入量.结果表明,湖北省10a平均NANI值为15929.43kg/（km²·a）.湖北总NANI值随时间呈现出先增长后下降的趋势,其中2013年达到16959.93kg/（km²·a）.在空间分布上,湖北省中东部地区（襄阳、荆门、荆州、随州、孝感、武汉、鄂州、黄冈、省直辖县）的NANI值显著高于西部地区（十堰、宜昌、恩施自治州）;氮源结构上,氮肥输入（年均贡献比例60.58%）是最大输入项,其次分别为食品/饲料净氮输入（24.85%）、生物固氮（8.16%）、大气氮沉降（6.25%）和种子氮输入（0.18%）.因此,减少化肥投入,提高农业产出投入比,同时合理控制人口密度,是减少区域内净氮负荷量,降低氮素污染的有效措施.     

亚铁氧化反硝化生物膜反应器中铁矿物的多样性及其对重金属Cd的吸附

亚铁氧化反硝化过程,是指亚铁氧化和NO₃--N还原相结合的生物矿化过程,该过程不仅可以实现水中NO₃--N脱除,还可以得到对多种污染物有较强吸附去除能力的铁矿物。构建了亚铁氧化反硝化过程的连续流式生物膜反应器,分析了反应器运行3个月后内部生成的颗粒物特性及其对重金属镉(Cd)的吸附效果。结果表明:反应器内不同位置会生成颗粒成分不同的铁矿物,下部和中部以菱铁矿为主,上部以针铁矿为主。这些颗粒均具有较大的比表面积和多种有利于吸附的有机官能团,对于水中Cd2+具有较强的吸附能力,不同位置形成的颗粒物的吸附去除率从大到小依次为出水>上部>中部>下部,去除率均可达到84%以上,吸附动力学和热力学方程更符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich模型。     

二氯苯醌对斑马鱼胚胎发育及超氧化物歧化酶的影响

2,6-二氯-1,4-苯醌（2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone,2,6-DCBQ）作为一种新型消毒副产物,因其高检出率及高含量的特点而备受人们关注.本研究以斑马鱼胚胎为实验材料探究了2,6-DCBQ的发育毒性.结果发现：斑马鱼胚胎在8~24 hpf（器官发育形成时期）对2,6-DCBQ暴露最为敏感,死亡率最高;2,6-DCBQ安全浓度为27.15 μg·L^-1,属于极度危险外源化学物.在本实验中,2,6-DCBQ对斑马鱼的生长没有显著影响,但高浓度（100和150 μg·L^-1）2,6-DCBQ会显著增加斑马鱼胚胎及仔鱼的畸形率.在实验过程中还发现,高浓度（≥ 80 μg·L^-1）2,6-DCBQ会明显抑制斑马鱼胚胎的心率.此外,≥ 30 μg·L^-1 2,6-DCBQ可提高超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase,SOD）的活性,并影响Cu/ZnSOD和MnSOD的正常转录.本研究较全面地探究了2,6-DCBQ对斑马鱼早期发育阶段的发育毒性,可为2,6-DCBQ的毒性研究提供可靠证据.     

基于大数据分析的杭州市农业源高分辨率氨排放清单研究

基于实地调查并辅以统计的方法获得大数据,采用排放因子法,估算了杭州市2015年农业源氨排放清单,并选取经纬度坐标、土地类型和人口等数据作为权重因子,建立1 km×1 km高精度网格化空间分布,研究了该地区农业排放源氨排放空间分布特征.结果表明:杭州市2015年农业源NH3排放总量为54787.9 t,其中畜禽养殖和农田种植是最主要的氨排放来源,分别占农业源总排放量的86.7%和12.8%.在畜禽养殖各主要环节的氨排放过程中,圈舍固态粪便的氨排放贡献量最大,占总氨排放量的52.8%;其次是存储固态,占总氨排放量的35.1%.氮肥施用主要集中在萧山区、建德市、临安市和余杭区.秸秆堆肥和秸秆焚烧与秸秆综合利用率高低密切相关,两者氨排放量占有率不高,占杭州市农业源氨排放总量的1%以下.     

滦河流域鱼类群落结构空间异质性与影响因子分析

掌握鱼类群落结构与环境因子的关系是河流鱼类多样性保护与恢复的基础.基于2016年10月对滦河流域58个采样点的调查数据,通过聚类分析法及NMS（非度量多维标度法,non-matric multidimentionalscaling）分析了滦河鱼类群落空间格局特征,并采用典范对应分析（CCA,canonical correspondence analysis）探讨了影响鱼类群落结构的环境因子.调查期间共采集鱼类15科41属49种,鲤科鱼类最多,为23种.研究表明:①聚类分析发现鱼类空间分布可分为3组,第1组集中在滦河干流中下游及支流汇入干流附近河段,第2组集中在冀东部独流入海的河流,第3组集中在滦河干支流的中上游河段.②NMS结果也证明3组在空间分布上差异明显,第2组与第3组之间没有重叠.③物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Simpson多样性指数在第1组与第3组之间存在显著差异,而Simpson多样性在第2组与第3组之间也存在显著差异.④单因素方差分析（one-way ANOVA）显示,第1组与第2组、第3组相比,水温与两组之间都有显著性差异,第2组与第1组、第3组之间在电导率、TDS（总溶解固体）、栖境复杂性、速度-深度结合、堤岸稳定性和河水水量状况有显著性差异.⑤典范对应分析发现,影响滦河流域的环境因子包括TDS、浊度、pH与水温等4个水体理化参数以及底质与堤岸稳定性2个栖息地质量参数.研究显示,基于对滦河流域鱼类空间异质性和相关环境影响因子的理解,可为该流域鱼类多样性保护及管理对策制订提供方向.      

Theoretical study on the formation mechanism of polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes/thianthrenes from 2-chlorothiophenol molecules

Homogeneous formation of polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes/thianthrenes(PCDT/TAs),sulfurated compounds analogous to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs), has been well-documented to occur via radical–radical coupling reactions from chlorinated thiophenol precursors. However, the current understanding of the formation mechanism of PCDT/TAs is exclusively limited to the inherent point of view that chlorothiophenoxy radicals act as the only required intermediates for PCDT/TAs. This study investigates reaction pathways for the formation of PCDT/TAs involving two new types of radical species, i.e., substituted phenyl radicals and substituted thiophenoxyl diradicals. Taking 2-chlorothiophenol(2-CTP) as a model compound for chlorothiophenols,we found that apart from the mostly discussed chlorothiophenoxy radicals, substituted phenyl radicals and substituted thiophenoxyl diradicals could also be readily formed via the reaction of 2-CTP with H radicals. Furthermore, direct self-and cross-coupling of these radicals can result in the formation of PCDT/TAs, including 1-monochlorothianthrene(1-MCTA), 1,6-dichlorothianthrene(1,6-DCTA), 4,6-dichlorodibenzothiophene(4,6-DCDT)and 1,6-dichlorodibenzothiophene(1,6-DCDT). The pathways proposed in this work are proven to be both thermodynamically and kinetically favorable. Particularly, comparisons were made between the formation mechanisms of sulfurated and oxygenated dioxin systems from an energetic point view, showing that replacing oxygen with sulfur atoms greatly reduces the activation barriers of the rate-controlling steps involved in the PCDT/TA formation processes compared with those involved for PCDD/Fs. The calculated results in this work may improve our understanding of the formation mechanism of PCDT/TAs from chlorothiophenol precursors and should be informative to environmental scientists.     

Anaerobic digestion in mesophilic and room temperature conditions: Digestion performance and soil-borne pathogen survival

Tomato plant waste(TPW) was used as the feedstock of a batch anaerobic reactor to evaluate the effect of anaerobic digestion on Ralstonia solanacearum and Phytophthora capsici survival. Batch experiments were carried out for TS(total solid) concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6% respectively, at mesophilic(37 ± 1°C) and room(20–25°C) temperatures. Results showed that higher digestion performance was achieved under mesophilic digestion temperature and lower TS concentration conditions. The biogas production ranged from 71 to 416 L/kg VS(volatile solids). The inactivation of anaerobic digestion tended to increase as digestion performance improved. The maximum log copies reduction of R. solanacearum and P. capsici detected by quantitative PCR(polymerase chain reaction) were 3.80 and 4.08 respectively in reactors with 4% TS concentration at mesophilic temperatures. However, both in mesophilic and room temperature conditions, the lowest reduction of R. solanacearum was found in the reactors with 6% TS concentration, which possessed the highest VFA(volatile fatty acid) concentration. These findings indicated that simple accumulation of VFAs failed to restrain R. solanacearum effectively, although the VFAs were considered poisonous. P. capsici was nearly completely dead under all conditions. Based on the digestion performance and the pathogen survival rate, a model was established to evaluate the digestate biosafety.     

Are there higher pedestrian fatalities in larger cities?: A scaling analysis of 115 to 161 largest cities in the United States

Objective: In 2012, 4,743 pedestrians were killed in the United States, representing 14% of total traffic fatalities. The number of pedestrians injured was higher at 76,000. Therefore, 36 out of 52 of the largest cities in the United States have adopted a citywide target of reducing pedestrian fatalities. The number of cities adopting the reduction goal during 2011 and 2012 increased rapidly with 8 more cities. We examined the scaling relationship of pedestrian fatality counts as a function of the population size of 115 to 161 large U.S. cities during the period of 1994 to 2011. We also examined the scaling relationship of nonpedestrian and total traffic fatality counts as a function of the population size.

Methods: For the data source of fatality measures we used Traffic Safety Facts Fatality Analysis Reporting System/General Estimates System annual reports published each year from 1994 to 2011 by the NHTSA. Using the data source we conducted both annual cross-sectional and panel data bivariate and multivariate regression models. In the construction of the estimated functional relationship between traffic fatality measures and various factors, we used the simple power function for urban scaling used by Bettencourt et al. (2007 Bettencourt LMA, Lobo J, Helbing D, Kühnert C, West GB. Growth, innovation, scaling and the pace of life in cities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:7301–7306.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2010 Bettencourt LMA, Lobo J, Strumsky D, West GB. Urban scaling and its deviations: revealing the structure of wealth, innovation and crime across cities. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e13541.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and the refined STIRPAT (stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology) model used in Dietz and Rosa (1994 Dietz T, Rosa EA. Rethinking the environmental impacts of population, affluence and technology. Human Ecology Review. 1994;1:277–300. [Google Scholar], 1997 Dietz T, Rosa EA. Effects of population and affluence on CO₂ emissions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:175–179.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and York et al. (2003 York R, Rosa EA, Dietz T. STIRPAT, IPAT and IMPACT: analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecol Econ. 2003;46:351–365.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).

Results: We found that the scaling relationship display diseconomies of scale or sublinear for pedestrian fatalities. However, the relationship displays a superlinear relationship in case of nonpedestrian fatalities. The scaling relationship for total traffic fatality counts display a nearly linear pattern. When the relationship was examined by the 4 subgroups of cities with different population sizes, the most pronounced sublinear scaling relationships for all 3 types of fatality counts was discovered for the subgroup of megacities with a population of more than 1 million.

Conclusions: The scaling patterns of traffic fatalities of subgroups of cities depend on population sizes of the cities in subgroups. In particular, 9 megacities with populations of more than 1 million are significantly different from the remaining cities and should be viewed as a totally separate group. Thus, analysis of the patterns of traffic fatalities needs to be conducted within the group of megacities separately from the other cities with smaller population sizes for devising prevention policies to reduce traffic fatalities in both megacities and smaller cities.     

Impact of urban water supply on energy use in China: a provincial and national comparison

To reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and help mitigate climate change, urban water systems need to be adapted so that electrical energy use is minimised. In this study, energy data from 2011 was used to quantify energy use in China’s urban water supply sector. The objective was to calculate the energy co-benefits of urban water conservation policies and compare energy use between China and other countries. The study investigated influencing factors with the aim of informing the development of energy efficient urban water infrastructure. The average energy use per cubic metre and per capita for urban water supply in China in 2011 was 0.29 kWh/m³ and 33.2 kWh/cap year, respectively. Total GHG emissions associated with energy use in the urban water supply sector were 7.63 MtCO₂e, or carbon dioxide equivalent. Calculations using these indicators showed significant energy savings could result from water conservation measures. A comparison between provinces of China showed a direct correlation between energy intensity of urban water supply and the population served per unit length of pipe. This may imply energy and emission intensity can be reduced if more densely populated areas are supplied by a corresponding pipe density, rather than by a low-density network operating at higher flow rates. This study also found that while the percentage of electrical energy used for urban water supply tended to increase with the percentage of population served, this increase was slower where water supply was more energy efficient and where a larger percentage of population was already supplied.