论环境监测站在污染源监测中的作用

对环保局所属监测站在污染源监测管理中的作用、监测市场化运作及地位与作为等方面进行了探讨。     

A Routing and Scheduling System for Infectious Waste Collection

Most hospitals and clinics in Taiwan do not have on-site treatment facilities for their infectious waste and must rely on outside agencies for their collection and treatment. The problem of optimally routing and scheduling the collection of medical waste from a disperse group of facilities is recognized as a periodic vehicle routing problem. This study develops a computer system to solve the resulting optimization problem based on a two-phased approach proposed earlier. The first phase solves a standard vehicle routing problem to determine a set of individual routes for the collection vehicles. The second phase uses a mixed integer programming method to assign routes to particular days of the week. The computer system is user-friendly and consists of several Visual Basic programs while the geographical information system is incorporated to facilitate input and output interface and database management. An illustrative example for the infectious waste of 348 hospitals in the Tainan City area demonstrates the effectiveness of the system.     

The impact of watershed delineation on hydrology and water quality simulation

Flood routing is a significant calculation for predicting watershed responses, involving discharge and pollutant exports. The computation of flow routing is highly relative to the relationship between downstream and upstream subbasins. A watershed could always be divided into several subbasins based on its topography and stream distribution. How detailed of the delineation of the stream distribution in a watershed would influence the modeling accuracy of flow routing and the prediction of watershed responses. The objective of this work was to discuss the effect of watershed delineation on runoff and pollutant transport predictions. When the number of divided subbasins increases, the stream distribution could be delineated more clearly. The case area was usually regarded as two subbasins only. In the present study, the case area was divided into 43, 25, 15 and 9 subbasins respectively. If the modeling result under 43 subdivisions is assumed to be the actual situation, the relative error of runoff simulation due to the simplified delineation of stream distribution is only around 25% in two subdivisions. However, the relative error of suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen (TN) and orthophosphate (Orth-P) simulation can reach 85%, 71 and 70% in two subdivisions respectively. The uncertainties or errors induced by too much simplification of watershed delineation could be carried over and amplified to the pollutant transport process and the modeling results of pollutant exports.     

Optimal strategies for best management practice placement in a synthetic watershed

It is significant to arrange suitable design and placement of best management practices (BMPs) for reaching the aim that can not only satisfy environmental quality standards, but also decrease the total cost of BMPs. This study applied WinVAST model to predict watershed responses. The objective of this work was to discuss both the economic costs and benefits of BMPs and the control efficiency of discharge and pollutant exports, and to create some suitable standards for the optimal BMPs placement strategies. It is significant to find an optimal number and location of BMPs. In the case study herein, the number of BMPs including a detention pond and a grassy swale would be better to be given by four. The number of BMPs should also be determined by the environmental standards. Moreover, the result shows that the optimal location of BMPs placement is in the downstream area near the outlet and on the mainstream of the catchment. When the BMPs are set in these regions, it cannot only reduce the peak flow and peak pollutant exports, but also have slow time to peak watershed responses.     

环境监测机构垂直管理实施过程中的问题探析

简述了环境监测垂直管理改革的重要性和紧迫性,分析了环境监测垂直管理的意义和内涵,提出了垂直管理需要把握的原则,对环境监测机构垂直管理实施过程中值得注意的问题进行了探讨。指出垂直管理改革在解决数据行政干预的同时,应正视由此带来的不利因素,特别要避免新型干预的形成;建议连带解决环境监测工作固有的矛盾和问题,使环境监测垂直管理改革产生实实在在的成效。     

恶臭气体环境污染损害评估方法初探

依据环境保护部《关于开展环境污染损害鉴定评估工作的若干意见》(环发[2011]60号)及附件《环境污染损害数额计算推荐方法(第I版)》和《突发环境事件污染损害评估工作暂行办法》(征求意见稿),以日照市某公司恶臭气体污染事故为例,按照污染事故损害评估技术路线,通过现场调查和实验室监测分析主要污染物,从人身损害、应急处置、调查评估以及污染修复等方面的损害评估进行了初步探索。     

An economic evaluation and assessment of environmental impact of the municipal solid waste management system for Taichung City in Taiwan

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is an important environmental challenge and subject in urban planning. For sustainable MSWM strategies, the critical management factors to be considered include not only economic efficiency of MSW treatment but also life-cycle assessment of the environmental impact. This paper employed linear programming technique to establish optimal MSWM strategies considering economic efficiency and the air pollutant emissions during the life cycle of a MSWM system, and investigated the correlations between the economical optimization and pollutant emissions. A case study based on real-world MSW operating parameters in Taichung City is also presented. The results showed that the costs, benefits, streams of MSW, and throughputs of incinerators and landfills will be affected if pollution emission reductions are implemented in the MSWM strategies. In addition, the quantity of particulate matter is the best pollutant indicator for the MSWM system performance of emission reduction. In particular this model will assist the decision maker in drawing up a friendly MSWM strategy for Taichung City in Taiwan. Implications: Recently, life-cycle assessments of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) strategies have been given more considerations. However, what seems to be lacking is the consideration of economic factors and environmental impacts simultaneously. This work analyzed real-world data to establish optimal MSWM strategies considering economic efficiency and the air pollutant emissions during the life cycle of the MSWM system. The results indicated that the consideration of environmental impacts will affect the costs, benefits, streams of MSW, and throughputs of incinerators and landfills. This work is relevant to public discussion and may establish useful guidelines for the MSWM policies.     

沸石粉在污泥生态床中的应用研究

研究了不同沸石粉投加比例对污泥脱水、沉降、干化时间、污泥生态床中植物根部干重的影响,最终选定沸石粉投加比例为6%。在此投加比例下,对污泥生态床中的氮磷含量进行了测定,结果表明,黄花鸢尾床与芦苇床,总磷含量下降分别为13.2%和12.2%;总氮含量下降分别为48.3%和49.2%;硝氮含量下降分别为67.2%和70.2%。     

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in surface soil from a background area in China: occurrence, distribution, and congener profiles

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are extremely complex technical mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes with carbon chain lengths from C₁₀ to C₁₃ and chlorine content between 49 and 70 %. SCCPs are under consideration for inclusion in the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. SCCPs have been used extensively in industrial production, but little is known about the pollution level in soil environment in China. In this study, levels and distribution of SCCPs in soil samples from Chongming Island were analyzed. Concentrations of total SCCPs in soil samples ranged from 0.42 to 420 ng?g^?1, with a median of 9.6 ng?g^?1. The ubiquitous occurrence of SCCPs in Chongming Island implied that long-range atmospheric transport and soil–air exchange may be the most important pathways for SCCP contamination in the background area. The localized SCCP contamination could be derived from an unidentified source. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that C₁₃- and C₁₁-congeners were predominant in most soils and C₁₀- and C₁₂-congeners dominated in the remaining soils. Cl₇- and Cl₈-congeners were on the average the most dominant chlorine congeners in nearly all soils. Principal component analysis suggested that the separation of even and odd carbon chain congeners occurred during long-range atmospheric transport and aging in soil in the study area.