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61.
The treatment efficiency of wetlands depends primarily on the residence time of the polluted storm water (Walker, 1998). Because of this, increasing hydraulic residence times (HRTs) at various flow levels will increase the treatment efficiency of constructed wetlands. In this research, the effects of characteristic bottom topographic features that increase HRT were explored through the use of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model. Based on numerical simulations of rectangular test wetlands, relationships were made between topographic features and their effects on HRT. Results from the simulations showed that creating baffled wetlands with multiple vertical-scale topography can markedly increase HRT, as is illustrated in a design example. When compared (using the hydrodynamic model) with a wetland having no bottom topography, the design example wetland increased HRT by 113% for the low-flow (142 L/sec) peak flood, and 39% for the 2-year flood event (1700 L/sec). 相似文献
62.
Heidelore Fiedler 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2001,13(2):88-94
Zusammenfassung Weltweit existieren derzeit weniger als 20 Inventare, die Dioxin- und Furanemissionen absch?tzen. Demnach werden von 16 L?ndern
ca. 12.900 g TEQ in die Atmosph?re als unerwünschte Nebenprodukte emittiert. An der Spitze der Emittenten stehen die dichtbev?lkerten
Industriel?nder der n?rdlichen Hemisph?re — Japan, Vereinigte Staaten. W?hrend die metallverarbeitenden Industrien in Europa
der Sektor mit den h?chsten Dioxinemissionen ist, steht die Müllverbrennung bei den meisten anderen L?ndern an der Spitze.
Dioxinmin-derungsmassnahmen in z.B. Deutschland und Japan haben zu starken Rückg?ngen der Emissionen geführt; weitere Minimierungspotentiale
bestehen.
Die bisher von den verschiedenen L?ndern erstellten Bilanzen verwendeten bisher eigene Methoden und sch?tzten vor allem die
Emissionen in die Luft ab. Die künftige Stockholm Konvention zur Eliminierung von POPs verlangt, dass die Dioxinemissionen
st?ndig reduziert werden. UNEP gibt hierzu mit seinem Toolkit Hilfestellung, vergleichbare Inventare zu erstellen, die die
Emissionen in Luft, Wasser, aufs Land, mit Produkten und in Rückst?nden erfassen.
Online-First: 14.03.2001 相似文献
63.
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65.
Emissions of unintentional persistent organic pollutants from open burning of municipal solid waste from developing countries 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Zhang T Fiedler H Yu G Ochoa GS Carroll WF Gullett BK Marklund S Touati A 《Chemosphere》2011,84(7):994-1001
Open burning of waste is the most significant source of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) in many national inventories prepared pursuant to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. This is particularly true for developing countries. Emission factors for POPs such as PCDD/PCDF, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) and penta- and hexachlorobenzenes (PeCBz/HCB) from open burning of municipal solid waste in China and Mexico are reported herein. Six different waste sources were studied varying from urban-industrial to semi-urban to rural. For PCDD/PCDF, the emission factors to air ranged from 3.0 to 650 ng TEQ kg−1 waste and for dl-PCB from 0.092 to 54 ng TEQ kg−1 waste. Emission factors for PeCBz (17-1200 ng kg−1 waste) and HCB (24-1300 ng kg−1 waste) spanned a wide but similar range. Within the datasets there is no indication of significant waste composition effect on emission factor with the exception of significantly higher Mexico rural samples. 相似文献
66.
Solorzano-Ochoa G de la Rosa DA Maiz-Larralde P Gullett BK Tabor DG Touati A Wyrzykowska-Ceradini B Fiedler H Abel T Carroll WF 《Chemosphere》2012,87(9):1003-1008
Open burning for waste disposal is, in many countries, the dominant source of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls (PCDD/PCDF/PCB) release to the environment. To generate emission factors for open burning, experimental pile burns of about 100 kg of household waste were conducted with emissions sampling. From these experiments and others conducted by the same authors it is found that less compaction of waste or active mixing during the fire - “stirring” - promotes better combustion (as evidenced by lower CO/CO2 ratio) and reduces emissions of PCDD/PCDF/PCB; an intuitive but previously undemonstrated result. These experiments also support previous results suggesting PCDD/PCDF/PCB generation in open burning - while still highly variable - tends to be greater in the later (smoldering) phases of burning when the CO/CO2 ratio increases. 相似文献
67.
Zhu X Pfister G Henkelmann B Kotalik J Bernhöft S Fiedler S Schramm KW 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(2):461-466
Gaseous emissions of combusted electronic scrap, PVC, carpet and wood were monitored for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by simultaneous use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and shoots of spruce needles (Picea abies). It was found that phenanthrene, acenaphthylene and fluorene were the dominating PAHs in all samples. SPMDs and needles mainly sequestered PAH associated with the vapor phase. Particle-bound PAHs were only detected in small amounts, at which the needles tended to uptake more of these compounds in comparison to the SPMDs. Nevertheless, the logarithm of the concentrations of PAHs analyzed in both passive samplers after the same sampling period exhibited a significant linear correlation with correlation coefficients larger than 0.8073. SPMDs and spruce needles can complement each other in passive air sampling for compounds with a preference to the gas phase rather than aerosols. 相似文献
68.
von Bobrutzki K Ammon C Berg W Einert P Fiedler M Müller HJ Scherer D Strohbach B 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(6):3775-3787
Agricultural NH3 emissions affect air quality and influence the nitrogen cycle. In the subject study, NH3 emissions from a broiler farm and the resulting atmospheric concentrations in the immediate vicinity during three growing
cycles have been quantified. Additionally, vegetation along a transect in an adjacent woodland was analysed. The emissions
were as high as 10 kg NH3 h−1 and the atmospheric concentrations ranged between 33 and 124 μg NH3 m−3 per week in the immediate vicinity. Measurements of the atmospheric concentrations over 7 weeks showed a substantial decline
of mean concentrations (based on a 3-week average) from ∼13 to <3 μg NH3 m−3, at 45- and 415-m distance from the farm. Vegetation surveys showed that nitrophilous species flourished when they grew closest
to the farm (their occurrence sank proportionately with distance). A clearly visible damage of pine trees was observed within
200 m of the farm; this illustrated the significant impact of NH3 emissions from agricultural sources on the sensitive ecosystem. 相似文献
69.
The Science of Nature - 相似文献
70.