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31.
Aging and demographic plasticity in response to experimental age structures in honeybees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis> L) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rueppell O Linford R Gardner P Coleman J Fine K 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(10):1621-1631
Honeybee colonies are highly integrated functional units characterized by a pronounced division of labor. Division of labor
among workers is mainly age-based, with younger individuals focusing on in-hive tasks and older workers performing the more
hazardous foraging activities. Thus, experimental disruption of the age composition of the worker hive population is expected
to have profound consequences for colony function. Adaptive demography theory predicts that the natural hive age composition
represents a colony-level adaptation and thus results in optimal hive performance. Alternatively, the hive age composition
may be an epiphenomenon, resulting from individual life history optimization. We addressed these predictions by comparing
individual worker longevity and brood production in hives that were composed of a single-age cohort, two distinct age cohorts,
and hives that had a continuous, natural age distribution. Four experimental replicates showed that colonies with a natural
age composition did not consistently have a higher life expectancy and/or brood production than the single-cohort or double-cohort
hives. Instead, a complex interplay of age structure, environmental conditions, colony size, brood production, and individual
mortality emerged. A general tradeoff between worker life expectancy and colony productivity was apparent, and the transition
from in-hive tasks to foraging was the most significant predictor of worker lifespan irrespective of the colony age structure.
We conclude that the natural age structure of honeybee hives is not a colony-level adaptation. Furthermore, our results show
that honeybees exhibit pronounced demographic plasticity in addition to behavioral plasticity to react to demographic disturbances
of their societies. 相似文献
32.
Nathalie Hilmi Denis Allemand Sam Dupont Alain Safa Gunnar Haraldsson Paulo A. L. D. Nunes Chris Moore Caroline Hattam Stéphanie Reynaud Jason M. Hall-Spencer Maoz Fine Carol Turley Ross Jeffree James Orr Philip L. Munday Sarah R. Cooley 《Marine Biology》2013,160(8):1773-1787
Ocean acidification is increasingly recognized as a component of global change that could have a wide range of impacts on marine organisms, the ecosystems they live in, and the goods and services they provide humankind. Assessment of these potential socio-economic impacts requires integrated efforts between biologists, chemists, oceanographers, economists and social scientists. But because ocean acidification is a new research area, significant knowledge gaps are preventing economists from estimating its welfare impacts. For instance, economic data on the impact of ocean acidification on significant markets such as fisheries, aquaculture and tourism are very limited (if not non-existent), and non-market valuation studies on this topic are not yet available. Our paper summarizes the current understanding of future OA impacts and sets out what further information is required for economists to assess socio-economic impacts of ocean acidification. Our aim is to provide clear directions for multidisciplinary collaborative research. 相似文献