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41.
Florence Mouchet Christian Gancet Emmanuel Flahaut Eric Pinelli Jean–Charles Boutonnet Laury Gauthier 《毒物与环境化学》2016,98(8):829-847
The classical approach in ecotoxicological evaluation of chemical substances consists of conducting standardized bioassays on organism models. In this work, the potential impact of industrial multi-walled carbon nanotubes was investigated by ecotoxicological standardized procedures using aquatic organisms of different trophic levels, namely bacteria, green algae, invertebrates, fish, and amphibians. The results indicated (1) inhibition of growth in amphibians at 50 mg L?1 and higher, and (2) no effects on daphnia and fish up to 100 mg L?1. With the exception of algae (for which Fe deficiency is measured), it seems that the observed toxicity may be due to physiological effects in relation to the ingestion of carbon nanotubes not necessarily related to their intrinsic effects. 相似文献
42.
Development and evaluation of a Macroinvertebrate Biotic Integrity Index (MBII) for regionally assessing Mid-Atlantic Highlands Streams 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Klemm DJ Blocksom KA Fulk FA Herlihy AT Hughes RM Kaufmann PR Peck DV Stoddard JL Thoeny WT Griffith MB Davis WS 《Environmental management》2003,31(5):0656-0669
The Macroinvertebrate Biotic Integrity Index (MBII) was developed from data collected at 574 wadeable stream reaches in the
Mid-Atlantic Highlands region (MAHR) by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Program (EMAP). Over 100 candidate metrics were evaluated for range, precision, responsiveness to various disturbances, relationship
to catchment area, and redundancy. Seven metrics were selected, representing taxa richness (Ephemeroptera richness, Plecoptera
richness, Trichoptera richness), assemblage composition (percent non-insect individuals, percent 5 dominant taxa), pollution
tolerance [Macroinvertebrate Tolerance Index (MTI)], and one functional feeding group (collector-filterer richness). We scored
metrics and summed them, then ranked the resulting index through use of independently evaluated reference stream reaches.
Although sites were classified into lowland and upland ecoregional groups, we did not need to develop separate scoring criteria
for each ecoregional group. We were able to use the same metrics for pool and riffle composite samples, but we had to score
them differently. Using the EMAP probability design, we inferred the results, with known confidence bounds, to the 167,797
kilometers of wadeable streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands. We classified 17% of the target stream length in the MAHR as
good, 57% as fair, and 26% as poor. Pool-dominated reaches were relatively rare in the MAHR, and the usefulness of the MBII
was more difficult to assess in these reaches. The process used for developing the MBII is widely applicable and resulted
in an index effective in evaluating region-wide conditions and distinguishing good and impaired reaches among both upland
and lowland streams dominated by riffle habitat. 相似文献
43.
In recent years, many political parties have created new forms of affiliation and have justified the blurring of membership boundaries with claims that sympathisers would be more representative of the electorate and less radical. Such claims are based on ‘popular wisdom’ inspired by John May’s ‘special law of curvilinearity’, which states that activists hold more extreme views than voters and elites. When this expectation has been tested, results have been at best inconclusive; but testing has so far never used a single survey to compare different groups. Using an online survey of Europe Ecologie Les Verts party members and their extended networks (affiliated supporters, lapsed members, sympathisers), relationships between ideological differences and degree of investment in party activities and decision-making are analysed. The results, contradicting May’s special law along all ideological dimensions other than intra-party democracy, can be explained if May’s narrowly instrumental assumptions about preference formation are rejected. 相似文献
44.
Two main alternatives are typically used to model mechanistically dose-survival relationship in ecotoxicity tests. Effects are related to a concentration of concern, for instance body concentration, and, to account for their differences relative to time-to-death, individuals have either different concentration thresholds for death (“individual tolerance approach”), or equal probability to die, with death occurring randomly (“stochastic death approach”). A general framework to unify both approaches has recently been proposed. We derived a model from this framework to analyse five datasets (daphnids exposed to selenium, guppies exposed to dieldrin and second, third and fourth instars chironomids exposed to copper), by extending the standard stochastic death approach. We showed the possibility to estimate properly the toxicity parameters together with inter-organisms differences of sensitivity for at least one of these parameters (here the threshold for effect). For the daphnids, there was no improvement of using the extended model, which confirms the expected low variability among genetically identical individuals. For all the other datasets, our model outperformed the standard approach without accounting for differences of sensitivity. We estimated coefficients of variations in the distribution of the logarithm of the threshold from 44% to 4% and showed, for chironomids, a decrease of inter-individual differences of sensitivity with the age of the larvae. All standard threshold estimates were close but above the medium value of the distribution in the new approach, which means that a concentration equal to the standard threshold would ultimately result in the death of more than half of the exposed organisms. A more relevant parameter, such as the concentration protecting 95% of the population, would be 2-4 times inferior to the standard threshold. 相似文献
45.
The widespread concern about pollution caused by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) raises the question of how they affect soil microbial communities which are potentially involved in the transformation of these pollutants. Using microcosms, we describe the effect of anthracene, a model PAH, on microbial communities inhabiting a Pinus halepensis litter from both coastal (COS) and inland (INL) Mediterranean sites. The microcosms were incubated over 3 months (25 °C, 60% WHC) and the effects of anthracene on microbial activities of both litters were monitored. Different enzyme activities (laccase, cellulase, β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase) and microbial respiration were measured and variations in litter chemical composition over incubation were determined using 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) from both sites. Our results show that lignocellulolytic enzymes increased markedly after a 3-month incubation in COS microcosms, especially in the presence of anthracene, whereas INL microcosms were not similarly affected. These results show that anthracene not only has no toxic effect on the microbial activities tested but actually enhances the lignocellulolytic activities of the fungal communities from coastal litters, demonstrating the detoxification potential and resistance of stressed Mediterranean coastal ecosystems. 相似文献
46.
Marc Crampon Yoann Copard Guillaume Favreau Julie Raux Nadine Merlet-Machour Mathieu Le Coz Maïmouna Ibrahim Valérie Peulon-Agasse Florence Portet-Koltalo 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(18):10601-10613
Increased use of agrochemical products to improve yields for irrigated crops in sub-Saharan Africa has been accompanied by a significant increase in the risk of environmental contamination. Detailed examples of the fate of pesticides after initial spreading on crop fields are scarce in tropical regions, where safe practices and related health risks are poorly understood by smallholder farmers. In the semi-arid environment of the Lake Chad Basin, SE Niger, both intrinsic properties of pesticides and extrinsic factors such as soil and climate helped to characterize processes leading to an accumulation of pesticides in soils. Analysis by HPLC-UV of a 6 m deep soil profile showed the presence of Paraquat at concentrations from 953?±?102 μg kg?1 to 3083?±?175 μg kg?1 at depths between 0.80 and 2.75 m below the land surface. Soil analysis revealed that up to approximately 15 % of the total soil matrix consists of smectites, a clay mineral capable of retaining cationic pesticides such as Paraquat, and a very low content of organic matter (<0.15 wt.% TOC). Paraquat could be stored and not bioavailable in a clayey barrier at approximately 2-m depth and therefore does not represent an immediate risk for populations or environment in this form. However, if the Paraquat application rate remains constant, the clayey barrier could reach a saturation limit within 150–200 years and 180–220 years if we consider a DT50 in soil of ~1,000 days (FAO). Consequently, it could lead to a deeper infiltration and so a pollution of groundwater. Such a scenario can represent a health risk for drinking water and for the Lake Chad, which is a major resource for this densely populated region of semi-arid Africa. Further analyses should focus on deeper layers and groundwater Paraquat contents to validate or invalidate the hypothesis of storage in this clay-rich layer. 相似文献
47.
Among the herbicides used in vineyards, the pre-emergence soil-applied flumioxazin (fmx) is a recently used molecule that inhibits chlorophyll biosynthesis in weed species. The aim of this work is to further characterize the effects of fmx on the non-target grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay) using cutting as a model. Several photosynthesis parameters were estimated during 25 days after treatment with various fmx concentrations (from 0.5mM to 50mM). Measuring chlorophyll fluorescence it appeared that fmx or a by-product penetrated the plant throughout roots and spread throughout vessels. Besides the initial target, protox, fmx affected other functions related to photosynthesis. Fmx induced a simultaneous drop of both P(n), g(s) and T. Fmx caused stomatal closure, which partially explains the decrease of the net photosynthesis. The decline in F(v)/F(m) indicates that the photochemistry of PSII and its ability to reduce the primary acceptor Q(A) are also affected by fmx in grapevine. Fmx leads to a decrease in the coefficients of both photochemical and non-photochemical quenching. Simultaneous stomatal closure and decrease in the quantum yield of CO(2) assimilation indicate a change in energy metabolism following fmx stress. After ten days of fmx treatment, analyses of the response of net carbon assimilation in leaves to different intercellular CO(2) concentrations have shown a decrease of the maximum carboxylation velocity of RuBP. Stomatal closure, PSII photochemistry, change in energy metabolism and RuBP activity were affected by fmx treatment. 相似文献
48.
49.
Anne Pinton Julia Boubnova François Becmeur Pierre Kuhn Marie-Victoire Senat Julien Stirnemann Marianne Capelle Jonathan Rosenblatt Jérôme Massardier Pascal Vaast Gwenaelle Le Bouar Amélie Desrumaux Laure Connant Laetitia Begue Benoit Parmentier Franck Perrotin Alain Diguet Guillaume Benoist Charles Muszynski Aurélien Scalabre Norbert Winer Jean-Luc Michel Florence Casagrandre-Magne Jean-Marie Jouannic Denis Gallot Perrine Coste Mazeau Emmanuel Sapin Alexis Maatouk Anne-Hélène Saliou Loïc Sentilhes Florence Biquard Nicolas Mottet Romain Favre Alexandra Benachi Nicolas Sananès 《黑龙江环境通报》2020,40(8):949-957
50.
Hélène Duval Laurence Michel-Calemard Marie Gonzales Philippe Loget Claire Beneteau Annie Buenerd Madeleine Joubert Marielee Denis-Musquer Alix Clemenson Anne-Laure Chesnais Sophie Blesson Isabelle De Pinieux Anne-Lise Delezoide Gheorghe Bonyhay Christine Bellanné-Chantelot Laurence Heidet Florence Dupré Sophie Collardeau-Frachon 《黑龙江环境通报》2016,36(8):744-751