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11.
Rosario Iturbe Carlos Flores Claudia Chvez Adriana Ramírez Luis G. Torres 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2004,14(2):141-152
This article demonstrates the applicability of in situ flushing for the remediation of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons at a Mexican refinery. The initial average total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration for the demonstration field test was 55,156 g/kg. After six weeks of in situ flushing with alternate periods of water and water/surfactant, an average concentration of 1,407 mg/kg was reached, achieving a total removal efficiency of 98 percent. At the end of the process, no hydrocarbons such as diesel; gasoline; benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene (BTEX); or petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were found. Iron washing achieved a removal efficiency of 70 percent, and for vanadium, the removal efficiency was 94.4 percent. The volume of soil treated was 41.6 m3 (38 m2), equivalent to 69.5 tons of soil. A rough calculation of the process costs estimated a total cost of $104.20/m3 ($114.00/m2). Our research indicates that there are a few studies demonstrating in situ flushing experiences under field conditions where both organic (TPH, diesel, gasoline, PAHs, BTEX) and metal (iron and vanadium) removals are reported. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
12.
K. A. Rosentrater T. L. Richard C. J. Bern R. A. Flores 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2003,39(4):341-367
Increasing production of corn masa for tortillas, chips, and related snack foods is resulting in large quantities of organic residuals requiring environmentally sound management. These byproduct streams appear suitable for use as livestock feed material, thus eliminating landfilling costs. Possibilities for developing livestock feed include direct shipping to livestock feeding facilities, blending prior to shipping, extrusion processing, pellet mill processing, and dehydration. To assess the viability of these options for reprocessing masa byproducts as livestock feed materials, an economic model was developed and applied to each of these alternatives. Through a series of simulation runs with this model, it was determined that direct shipping was by far the most inexpensive means of recycling masa processing residuals (10–57 $/Mg). Other alternatives examined in increasing order of costs included blending prior to shipping, extrusion, pellet mill processing (3–15, 5–18, and 4–18 times greater than direct shipping, respectively), while dehydration was clearly cost-prohibitive (33–81 times greater). Bagged feed was slightly more expensive to produce than bulk feed (1.1 times greater), and reprocessing costs increased as delivery distance increased, due to increased labor, equipment, and fuel costs, but decreased as byproduct generation rate increased, due to the development of the economies of scale. Alternately, based on a tipping fee of 50 $/Mg, the total estimated cost to landfill ranged from 65 to 112 $/Mg. Based on this cost analysis, direct shipping and feeding to livestock is the recycling option of choice for masa processing byproducts. Although specific details of process configurations and associated costs will vary, similar results are likely for other high moisture food processing residuals destined for utilization as livestock feed or components thereof. 相似文献
13.
Flores N. Y. Collas F. P. L. Mehler K. Schoor M. M. Feld C. K. Leuven R. S. E. W. 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2022,27(1):187-204
Environmental Modeling & Assessment - Longitudinal training dams (LTDs) in the river Waal are novel river training structures that protect the littoral zone from the adverse effects of... 相似文献
14.
Monthly variability of Cd, Hg, Zn, Mn and Al concentrations in mussels (Mytilus californianus) soft tissue and brown seaweed (Macrocystis pyrifera) was studied at a pristine rocky shore off San Quintin Bay, Baja California, México. The results were related to climatic and hydrographic conditions and to the physiological state of the mussels (condition index) by correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). A "normalization" to account for the variability induced by the physiological state of the mussel was performed. The PCA was performed in two ways to relate the environmental variables and the condition index to: (1) the metal concentrations in mussels, and (2) the "normalized" mussel concentrations. The association of the variability of Cd with the upwelling season was revealed in both PCAs. The temporal variability of this metal in mussels was highly correlated to that in seaweed, suggesting that the dissolved phase determined the variability of Cd in mussels. However, for Hg, Zn, Mn and Al the results from both PCAs were different. The first PCA showed the relationship of these metals to pluvial precipitation and to the condition index. The PCA for the normalized mussel concentrations showed that, after eliminating the effect of the condition index, only Al was related to pluvial precipitation. Manganese, and to a less degree Zn, were related to these metals in seaweed. Because zinc is an essential element in mussels, some regulation of their internal concentrations is likely. Mercury was not detected in seaweed, but because of its reactive nature, it is not expected that the dissolved fraction could be a significant pathway; therefore, it can be concluded that its temporal variability was determined by the variability in the condition index only. 相似文献
15.
Subsoil TPH and other petroleum fractions-contamination levels in an oil storage and distribution station in north-central Mexico 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Many oil industry related sites have become contaminated due to the activities characteristic of this industry, such as oil exploration and production, refining, and petro-chemistry. In Mexico, reported hydrocarbon spills for the year 2000 amounted to 185 203, equivalent to 6252 tons (PEMEX, 2000). The first step for the remediation of these polluted sites is to assess the size and intensity of the oil contamination affecting the subsoil and groundwater, followed by a health risk assessment to establish clean up levels. The aim of this work was to characterize the soil and water in a north-central Mexico Oil Storage and Distribution Station (ODSS), in terms of TPHs, gasoline and diesel fractions, BTEX, PAHs, MTBE, and some metals. Besides, measurements of the explosivity index along the ODSS were made and we describe and discuss the risk health assessment analysis performed at the ODSS, as well as the recommendations arising from it. Considering soils with TPH concentrations higher than 2000 mg kg−1, the contaminated areas corresponding to the railway zone is about 12 776.5 m2, to the south of the storage tanks is about 6558 m2, and to the south of the filling tanks is about 783 m2. Total area to be treated is about 20 107 m2 (volume of 20 107 m3), considering 1 m depth. 相似文献
16.
Adrian A. Farías Laura N. Mojsiejczuk María B. Pisano Fernando S. Flores Juan J. Aguilar Ana N. Jean Laura A. Yanes Gisela Masachessi Veronica E. Prez María B. Isa Rodolfo H. Campos Viviana E. Ré Silvia V. Nates 《Food and environmental virology》2018,10(1):121-126
Environmental surveillance is an effective approach to investigate the circulation of human enteroviruses in the population. Enteroviruses E14, CVA9, E-6, E16, E20, E25, E13, and CVA24 were detected in sewage and a watercourse in central Argentina. E14 was the most frequent serotype and was found for the first time in environmental samples in our region. Phylogenetic and coalescence analyses showed at least two recent introduction events. 相似文献
17.
Masahiro Funabashi Fumi Ninomiya Edgar Dulay Flores Masao Kunioka 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2010,18(2):85-93
The evaluation method of biomass carbon ratio of polymer composite samples including organic and inorganic carbons individually
was investigated. Biodegradable plastics and biobased plastics can have their mechanical properties improved by combining
with inorganic fillers. Polymer composites consisting of biodegradable plastics and carbonate were prepared by two different
methods. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite was prepared by synthesis from l-lactide with catalyst and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) powders from lime. Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) composite was prepared by hot-pressing the mixture of PBS powder and CaCO3 powders from oyster shells. The mechanical properties of composite samples were investigated by a tensile test and a compression
test using an Instron type mechanical tester. Tensile test with a dumbbell shape specimen was performed for PBS composite
samples and compression test with a column shape specimen for PLA composite samples. Strength, elastic modulus and fracture
strain were obtained from the above tests. Biomass carbon ratio is regulated in the American Standards for Testing and Materials
(ASTM). In ASTM standards on biomass carbon ratio, it is required that carbon atoms from carbonates, such as CaCO3, are omitted. Biomass carbon ratio was evaluated by ratio of 14C to 12C in the samples using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). The effect of pretreatment, such as oxidation temperature and
reaction by acid, on results of biomass carbon ratio was investigated. Mechanical properties decrease with increasing CaCO3 content. The possibility of an evaluation method of biomass carbon ratio of materials including organic and inorganic carbons
was shown. 相似文献
18.
Pilar Flores Alfredo Lacasa Pedro Fernández Pilar Hellín José Fenoll 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):513-518
A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biofumigation (with sheep and chicken manure) combined with solarization on the dissipation of pesticides (pyrifenox, DDT and dieldrin), and on soil metals accumulation. The treatments consisted of a control, and soil disinfestations by biofumigation combined with solarization (B+S) for two, four, five, six consecutive years. B+S enhanced the dissipation of pyrifenox with regard to control treatment. Significant differences were not detected among plots disinfected with B+S for consecutive years. On the other hand, B+S had no effect on the dissipation of DDT and dieldrin, probably due to the resistance of these pesticides to microbial degradation and/or high temperatures. Biofumigation is considered to be an environmentally safe practice, since no accumulation of heavy metals such as Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, or Zn was observed after the subsequent application of organic matter through the treatments. 相似文献
19.
Talavera Mendoza O Armienta Hernández MA Abundis JG Mundo NF 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2006,28(3):243-255
Leachates from the El Fraile tailings impoundment (Taxco, Mexico) were monitored every 2 months from October 2001 to August 2002 to assess the geochemical characteristics. These leachates are of interest because they are sometimes used as alternative sources of domestic water. Alternatively, they drain into the Cacalotenango creek and may represent a major source of metal contamination of surface water and sediments. Most El Fraile leachates show characteristics of Ca–SO4, (Ca+Mg)–SO4, Mg–SO4 and Ca–(SO4+HCO3) water types and are near-neutral (pH=6.3–7.7). Some acid leachates are generated by the interaction of meteoric water with tailings during rainfall events (pH=2.4–2.5). These contain variable levels of SO4
2− (280–29,500 mg l−1) and As (<0.01–12.0 mg l−1) as well as Fe (0.025–2352 mg l−1), Mn (0.1–732 mg l−1), Zn (<0.025–1465 mg l−1) and Pb (<0.01–0.351 mg l−1). Most samples show the highest metal enrichment during the dry seasons. Leachates used as domestic water typically exceed the Mexican Drinking Water Guidelines for sulfate, hardness, Fe, Mn, Pb and As, while acidic leachates exceed the Mexican Guidelines for Industrial Discharge Waters for pH, Cu, Cd and As. Speciation shows that in near-neutral solutions, metals exist mainly as free ions, sulfates and bicarbonates, while in acidic leachates they are present as sulfates and free ions. Arsenic appears as As(V) in all samples. Thermodynamic and mineralogical evidence indicates that precipitation of Fe oxides and oxyhydroxides, clay minerals and jarosite as well as sorption by these minerals are the main processes controlling leachate chemistry. These processes occur mainly after neutralization by interaction with bedrock and equilibration with atmospheric oxygen. 相似文献
20.
Gennifer Meldrum Dunja Mijatović Wilfredo Rojas Juana Flores Milton Pinto Grover Mamani Eleuterio Condori David Hilaquita Helga Gruberg Stefano Padulosi 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2018,20(2):703-730
Crop diversity is central to traditional risk management practices on the Andean Altiplano and may find renewed importance in adapting to climate change. This study explored the role of crop diversity in farmers’ adaptation actions in eight Aymara communities on the northern Bolivian Altiplano. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, including multifactor analysis and a community resilience self-assessment, we investigated how farmers’ use of diversity in adaptation is related to their perceptions of crop and variety tolerances and other environmental, social, and economic factors. Few crops and varieties were perceived as tolerant to increasingly intense and unpredictable drought, frost, hail, and pest and disease outbreaks. Some local crops and varieties were perceived as vulnerable to emerging conditions (e.g. oca, papalisa, isaño), whereas bitter potatoes and wild relatives of quinoa and cañahua were perceived as highly stress tolerant and provide food in harsh periods. A total 19% of households surveyed (N = 193) had introduced new crops or varieties—often disease resistant or early maturing—as an adaptive action. Introduction of commercial crops was a common adaptation action, reflecting farmers’ response to warming temperatures and changing economic opportunities, but greater sensitivity of the introduced crops may cause maladaptation. Despite intensification of cropping systems, households continue to maintain a median four potato varieties with different tolerance traits, yet this risk management practice was not perceived as adaptation. Strengthening resilience will require a combination of actions, including maintaining and expanding crop portfolios and restoring soil and ecosystem health, using both traditional and innovative approaches. 相似文献