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301.
Stamatina Th. Rassia Constantinos I. Siettos 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2010,15(5):411-418
Emergency evacuation of office buildings, in the event of a life-threatening situation such as a fire incident, is a function
of various factors ranging from architectural to socio-behavioral ones. We show how individual-based modeling approaches such
as molecular dynamics can be coupled with behavioral responses in panic situations, in order to quantify in a systematic way
the impact of human familiarity to the space, during emergency evacuation. The ultimate goal is to identify certain crucial
design features that can help in engineering better evacuation plans. 相似文献
302.
Vincent Martinet Olivier Thébaud Alain Rapaport 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2010,15(6):503-517
In this paper, we develop a framework for (a) the study of sustainability of dynamic bioeconomic systems and (b) the definition
of recovery paths from unsustainable situations. We assume that the system follows a sustainable trajectory if it evolves
over time within a set of multidimensional constraints. We use the mathematical concept of viability to characterize sustainability.
Recovery paths are studied with regards to their duration and their acceptability. This general framework is applied to the
issue of recovering sustainable fisheries. We define sustainability in a fishery as the requirement that a set of economic,
ecological, and social constraints is satisfied at all times. Recovery paths are characterized by the time required to obtain
sustainable exploitation conditions in the fishery and by the acceptable recovery costs for fishermen. In particular, we identify
the recovery path which minimizes the time of crisis under a minimum transition profit constraint. We then describe the trade-off
between speed and accepted costs of recovery paths, by comparing “Hare”-like high-speed–high-cost strategies to “Tortoise”-like
low-speed–low-cost strategies. We illustrate our results by means of a numerical analysis of the Bay of Biscay Nephrops fishery. 相似文献
303.
Juliana Carla Garcia Thábata Karoliny Formicoly de Souza Freitas Soraya Moreno Palácio Elizangela Ambrósio Maísa Tatiane Ferreira Souza Lídia Brizola Santos Vitor de Cinque Almeida Nilson Evelázio de Souza 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(3):2179-2187
Textile industry wastes raise a great concern due to their strong coloration and toxicity. The objective of the present work was to characterize the degradation and mineralization of textile effluents by advanced oxidative processes using either TiO2 or TiO2/H2O2 and to monitor the toxicity of the products formed during 6-h irradiation in relation to that of the in natura effluent. The results demonstrated that the TiO2/H2O2 association was more efficient in the mineralization of textile effluents than TiO2, with high mineralized ion concentrations (NH 4 + , NO 3 ? , and SO 4 2? ) and significantly decreased organic matter ratios (represented by the chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon). The toxicity of the degradation products after 4-h irradiation to Artemia salina L. was not significant (below 10 %). However, the TiO2/H2O2 association produced more toxicity under irradiation than the TiO2 system, which was attributed to the increased presence of oxidants in the first group. Comparatively, the photogenerated products of both TiO2 and the TiO2/H2O2 association were less toxic than the in natura effluent. 相似文献
304.
Spinosad, a candidate biological larvicide for mosquito control, was evaluated for its effects on a field population of Daphnia pulex, using Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (Bti) as a reference larvicide. Microcosms (125L enclosures) were placed in a shallow temporary oligohaline marsh where D. pulex was present. Three concentrations of spinosad (8, 17 and 33 microg L(-1)) and two concentrations of Bti (0.16 and 0.50 microL L(-1)) were applied (5 replicates per concentration, including the controls). Effects of larvicides on D. pulex were evaluated after 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21d of exposure, through measurements of abundance and individual size. Dissipation of spinosad from the water phase was rapid. Four days after treatment, residue concentration represented 11.8%, 3.9% and 12.7% of the initial exposure level for the nominal concentrations of 8, 17 and 33 microg L(-1), respectively. Spinosyns A and D dissipated at similar rates. Analysis of abundance and size structure of the D. pulex population showed an impact of spinosad. Both survival and size structure were affected. However, at the lowest concentration (8 microg L(-1)), population recovered after the first week. In microcosms treated with Bti, the abundance of D. pulex was not affected but the size structure of the population changed after 21d. As compared to laboratory tests, the use of in situ microcosms improved the environmental risk assessment of larvicides, taking into account the influence of environmental factors (e.g., temperature, light, salinity) and intrinsic capacity of recovery of D. pulex under field conditions. 相似文献
305.
Metal accumulation in mosses across national boundaries: uncovering and ranking causes of spatial variation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Schröder W Pesch R Englert C Harmens H Suchara I Zechmeister HG Thöni L Mankovská B Jeran Z Grodzinska K Alber R 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,151(2):377-388
This study aimed at cross-border mapping metal loads in mosses in eight European countries in 1990, 1995, and 2000 and at investigating confounding factors. Geostatistics was used for mapping, indicating high local variances but clear spatial autocorrelations. Inference statistics identified differences of metal concentrations in mosses on both sides of the national borders. However, geostatistical analyses did not ascertain discontinuities of metal concentrations in mosses at national borders due to sample analysis in different laboratories applying a range of analytical techniques. Applying Classification and Regression Trees (CART) to the German moss data as an example, the local variation in metal concentrations in mosses were proved to depend mostly on different moss species, potential local emission sources, canopy drip and precipitation. 相似文献
306.
E. Brüggemann H. Gerwig Th. Gnauk K. Müller H. Herrmann 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(15):2456-2463
The size-segregated chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol particles (aerodynamic diameter Dpaer = 0.05–10 μm) was studied to reveal differences between seasons (winter/summer), air mass origins (East/West/North), and days of the week (weekday/Sunday). The goal was to identify the different particle emission sources for the first time at a kerbside in the city of Dresden, Germany.Ultra-fine particles (Dpaer = 0.05–0.14 μm, 12% of PM10) consisted of approximately 80% OM (organic matter) and EC (elemental carbon), while fine particles (Dpaer = 0.14–1.2 μm) comprised about 55% ionic compounds with 44% OM and EC. The coarse fraction (Dpaer = 1.2–10 μm) consisted of approximately 65% ions/OM/EC and 20% metal oxides.Pb, Zn, and Cu showed crustal enrichment factors (CEFSi) > 100 for all particle sizes indicating strong anthropogenic influence. The Zn source was coal burning rather than traffic emissions. Doubled concentrations in winter were likely caused by coal combustion (Pb) and biomass burning (K), but also by a lower mixing layer height. Air masses from the East caused higher Pb and K concentrations. The origin of air masses had almost no influence on Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn and Ca, Si, Ti, indicating local sources such as traffic and heating. Possible actions against particle emissions are discussed. 相似文献
307.
Colloid transport in unsaturated porous media: the role of water content and ionic strength on particle straining 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Torkzaban S Bradford SA van Genuchten MT Walker SL 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2008,96(1-4):113-127
Packed column and mathematical modeling studies were conducted to explore the influence of water saturation, pore-water ionic strength, and grain size on the transport of latex microspheres (1.1 microm) in porous media. Experiments were carried out under chemically unfavorable conditions for colloid attachment to both solid-water interfaces (SWI) and air-water interfaces (AWI) using negatively charged and hydrophilic colloids and modifying the solution chemistry with a bicarbonate buffer to pH 10. Interaction energy calculations and complementary batch experiments were conducted and demonstrated that partitioning of colloids to the SWI and AWI was insignificant across the range of the ionic strengths considered. The breakthrough curve and final deposition profile were measured in each experiment indicating colloid retention was highly dependent on the suspension ionic strength, water content, and sand grain size. In contrast to conventional filtration theory, most colloids were found deposited close to the column inlet, and hyper-exponential deposition profiles were observed. A mathematical model, accounting for time- and depth-dependent straining, produced a reasonably good fit for both the breakthrough curves and final deposition profiles. Experimental and modeling results suggest that straining--the retention of colloids in low velocity regions of porous media such as grain junctions--was the primary mechanism of colloid retention under both saturated and unsaturated conditions. The extent of stagnant regions of flow within the pore structure is enhanced with decreasing water content, leading to a greater amount of retention. Ionic strength also contributes to straining, because the number of colloids that are held in the secondary energy minimum increases with ionic strength. These weakly associated colloids are prone to be translated to stagnation regions formed at grain-grain junctions, the solid-water-air triple point, and dead-end pores and then becoming trapped. 相似文献
308.
This work has been supported by a NATO Research Grant and by the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie. 相似文献
309.
310.