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101.
102.
Charles P. Gerba Timothy M. Straub Joan B. Rose Martin M. Karpiscak Kennith E. Foster Richard G. Brittain 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(1):109-116
ABSTRACT: A residential single family dwelling was retrofitted to recycle graywater for landscape irrigation and toilet flushing. The objective of this study was to determine improvements in graywater quality by evaluating five simple graywater treatment systems that were easily adapted to the household plumbing. The treatment systems consisted of (1) water hyacinths and sand filtration, (2) water hyacinths, copper ion disinfection, and sand filtration, (3) copper ion disinfection and sand filtration, (4) copper/silver ion disinfection and sand filtration, and (5) 20–μm cartridge filtration. Water quality parameters measured were fecal and total coliform indicator bacteria, nitrates, suspended solids, and turbidity. Reductions in bacterial concentration, suspended solids and turbidity were achieved by all systems tested. Treatment reduced nitrate concentrations to an average of 2.6 mg/liter. Reductions in suspended solids, and turbidity were influenced more by the quality of the graywater entering the treatment system than the efficiency of the systems themselves. The water hyacinths and sand filtration system provided the best graywater quality in terms of the concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria. The system providing the best water quality in regard to average suspended solids after treatment was the water hyacinths, copper ion, and sand filtration system, and the best average turbidity was achieved by the copper/silver ion generating unit with sand filtration. All systems were capable of significant reductions in fecal indicator bacteria, suspended solids, and turbidity; however, additional treatment or disinfection would be necessary to further reduce the level of coliform and fecal coliform bacteria to achieve regulatory standards in the State of Arizona. 相似文献
103.
Martin M. Karpiscak Kennith E. Foster Susan B. Hopf John M. Bancroft Peter J. Warshall 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1994,30(2):219-227
ABSTRACT: Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes L.) has shown to be effective in the treatment of municipal wastewater in a pilot study begun in January 1989 by the Pima County Wastewater Management Department and researchers associated with The University of Arizona's Office of Arid Lands Studies in the Sonoran Desert near Tucson. The influent pumped into the pilot facility's six raceways (ponds) typically has been treated secondary effluent diverted from a conventional treatment facility, although primary effluent from the same facility also has been treated. The Secondary Influent Treatment System has met the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) tertiary standard for BOD5 and TSS of 10 mg/l for every month of its operation since March 1990; the Primary Influent Treatment System met the ADEQ secondary standard for BOD5 and TSS of 30 mg/1 for most of the 10 months it was in operation. 相似文献
104.
105.
Kathryn E. Gardner Robin L. Foster Sean O’Donnell 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(5):783-792
Bumblebee colonies experience daily and seasonal fluctuations in ambient temperature, but proper brood development requires
a stable nest temperature. This study examined how adaptive colony responses to changing ambient temperature are achieved
through the in-nest workers’ behavioral plasticity. We studied three Bombus huntii colonies in the laboratory. In the first experiment, we manipulated ambient temperature and recorded brood cell incubation
and wing fanning by individually marked, known-age bees. The colonies maintained their nests closer to appropriate brood development
temperatures (28 to 32°C) when exposed to a range of ambient temperatures from 10.3 to 38.6°C. Incubation activity was greater
in cooler treatment conditions, whereas in the highest temperature treatment, some bees fanned and others moved off the brood.
As the ambient temperature dropped, workers increased the duration of their incubating bouts, but, except at the highest temperature,
the number of workers that incubated did not differ significantly among treatments. A subset of the bees incubated significantly
more than their nest mates, some of which never incubated. Worker body size, but not age, was a good predictor of incubation
rates, and smaller bees incubated at higher rates. In the second experiment, we removed the most actively incubating workers.
Immediately after removals, the total colony incubation effort was lower than pre-removal levels, but incubation effort rebounded
toward pre-removal levels after 24 h. The increased thermoregulatory demand after removals was met primarily by bees increasing
their rates of incubation rather than by bees switching from a different task to incubation. We conclude that some B. huntii workers specialize on nest thermoregulation, and that changes in work rates are more important than task switching in meeting
thermal challenges. 相似文献
106.
Desiccation as a factor in the intertidal zonation of barnacles 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
B. A. Foster 《Marine Biology》1971,8(1):12-29
Four species of balanomorph barnacles, Balanus crenatus
Brugière, B. balanoides (L.), Elminius modestus
Darwin and Chthamalus stellatus (Poli), were studied to assess the susceptibility of intertidal barnacle species to desiccation. Known sized samples of barnacles were exposed to controlled desiccating conditions and subsequent survival and water loss were determined. It is clear that the ability to live high on the shore is dependent on a reduction of the overall permeability to water loss. Because of greater surface area to volume ratios, small stages are particularly prone to desiccation. In normal intertidal emersion periods, small stages of B. crenatus particularly, and also of B. balanoides and E. modestus which are similar in their desiccation resistance, would be susceptible to desiccation at normal temperatures and low humidities. Large barnacles would be more prone to death from high temperatures when the tide is out. The spat of C. stellatus, although surviving much longer than spat of larger dimensions of the other species, must also be prone to prolonged emersion conditions at high shore levels. 相似文献
107.
The opening and closing responses of balanomorph barnacles suggest that the barnacle can test the properties of the surrounding medium without placing its mantle cavity in communication with the medium. An investigation of the structure of the mantle tissues at the occludent edges of the opercular valves of Elminius modestus
Darwin has revealed a collar of membraneous cuticle which carries a linear arrangement of sensory structures. These receptors are continued into cuticular hairs that project freely towards the medium between the edges of the valves, and their structure is similar to other arthropod sense organs which are considered to have a chemosensory function. 相似文献
108.
The potential for hydrophobic organochlorine contaminants to be sequestered in submersed aquatic vegetation was evaluated by determining the concentrations of cis- and trans-chlordane, dieldrin, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in feral aquatic macrophytes (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle) collected from the tidal Potomac River. Similarities in mean dry-weight concentrations of the identified organochlorine compounds in H. verticillata and surrounding alluvial sediments indicated that the extent of sequestration in H. verticillata was of the same magnitude as sorption of these compounds to river sediments, but some qualitative differences in PCB congener profiles existed. The results imply that to some degree H. verticillata can influence downstream fluxes of organic contaminants in fluvial transport in the Potomac River, and, furthermore, identify this species as a viable candidate organism for hydrophobic organochlorine contaminant biomonitoring in the Chesapeake Bay estuary. 相似文献
109.
Foster S Maher W Krikowa F Telford K Ellwood M 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2005,7(12):1214-1219
This paper describes our experiences with undertaking measurements of total antimony and antimony speciation in algae, plant and animal tissues. Digestion with nitric acid alone is suitable to release antimony from animal tissues. When organisms have high silica contents, e.g. some plants and algae, the addition of tetrafluorboric acid is required to dissolve silica as some antimony is retained by silica in extracts. Antimony in digested extracts is present as Sb5+ and hydride generation procedures can be used to determine total antimony concentrations, as total antimony in extracts will not be under estimated. Relatively non-aggressive solvents such as water, dilute nitric acid, sodium hydroxide and enzymes remove highly variable amounts of antimony (2-84%) from algae, plant and animal tissues. Addition of Sb3+ and Sb5+ to NIST CRM 1572 Citrus Leaves, pre- and post-extraction with water showed that Sb3+ is oxidised to Sb5+ while Sb5+ is redistributed amongst binding sites giving rise to artefacts. DOLT-2 and algae extracts indicated the presence of only inorganic antimony. A moss sample had inorganic antimony and a number of unknown antimony species in extracts. Future studies should explore the nature of the binding of antimony in tissues as solvents commonly used to extract metals and metalloids from algae, plant and animal tissues are not appropriate. 相似文献
110.
C. Tashiro R.E. Clement S. Davies T. Dann P. Steer M. Bumbaco B. Oliver T. Munshaw J. Fenwick B. Chittim M.G. Foster 《Chemosphere》1990,20(10-12)
A laboratory intercomparison study was carried out to determine the current capability of Canadian laboratories for the analysis of dioxins and furans in ambient air. Seven laboratories (government and private) participated in the analysis of exposed foam/filter samples, ambient air extracts and standard mixtures. The results indicated that a number of laboratories were capable of the aforementioned analyses; however, further analytical methodology development is also required. 相似文献