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排序方式: 共有91条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
41.
To gain insight in the startup of an incinerator, this article deals with piloted ignition. A newly developed model is described to predict the piloted ignition times of wood, PMMA and PVC. The model is based on the lower flammability limit and the adiabatic flame temperature at this limit. The incoming radiative heat flux, sample thickness and moisture content are some of the used variables. Not only the ignition time can be calculated with the model, but also the mass flux and surface temperature at ignition. The ignition times for softwoods and PMMA are mainly under-predicted. For hardwoods and PVC the predicted ignition times agree well with experimental results. Due to a significant scatter in the experimental data the mass flux and surface temperature calculated with the model are hard to validate. The model is applied on the startup of a municipal waste incineration plant. For this process a maximum allowable primary air flow is derived. When the primary air flow is above this maximum air flow, no ignition can be obtained. 相似文献
42.
Brown JE King FG Mitchell WA Squier WC Harris DB Kinsey JS 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2002,52(4):388-395
In response to lingering concerns about the utility of dynamometer data for mobile source emissions modeling, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has constructed an on-road test facility to characterize the real-world emissions of heavy-duty trucks. The facility was designed to effectively demonstrate the full range of vehicle operation and to measure the emissions produced. Since it began operation, the facility has been continuously upgraded to incorporate state-of-the-art technology. Its potential uses include collecting modal emissions data, validating dynamometer test parameters and results, and demonstrating new emission control technologies. 相似文献
43.
Dimitri Devuyst Eddy Nierynck Luc Hens Dirk Ceuterick Veerle De Baere Guido Wouters 《Environmental management》1993,17(3):395-408
Two years of experience with EIA in Flanders (northern Belgium) was evaluated in order to gain perspective on the effectiveness
of the administrative procedure. The four essential characteristics of the EIA procedure that were evaluated are: completeness,
open and public character, objectivity, and verifiability. Representatives of all parties involved in the EIA procedure were
interviewed. The result of the evaluation is a list of major problems with EIA. Recommendations for a more efficient procedure
are suggested at a time when a proposal for a new, comprehensive, and permanent EIA decree is being discussed. The evaluation
of the administrative procedure for EIA in Flanders shows that several vital characteristics of the EIA procedure are lacking.
This reduces the obligatory and open nature of the process, resulting in insufficient guarantees that the environment receives
the altention it deserves during the decision-making process. 相似文献
44.
F. Douglas. Shields Eddy J. Langendoen Martin W. Doyle 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(1):25-33
Annual expenditures by the federal government in the United States for agricultural conservation programs increased about 80 percent with passage of the 2002 Farm Bill. However, environmental benefits of these programs have not been quantified. A national project is under way to estimate the effect of conservation practices on environmental resources. The watershed models intended for use in that project are focused on water quantity and quality and have minimal habitat assessment capability. Major impairments to aquatic ecosystems in many watersheds consist of physical habitat degradation, not water quality, suggesting that current models for this national initiative do not address one of the most significant aspects of aquatic ecosystem degradation. Currently used models contain some components relevant to aquatic habitat, and this paper describes specific components that should be added to allow rudimentary stream habitat quality assessments. At least six types of variables could be examined for ecological impact: land use, streamflow, water temperature, streambed material type, large woody debris, and hydraulic conditions at base flow. All of these variables are influenced by the presence, location, and quality of buffers. Generation of stream corridor ecological or habitat quality indices might contribute to assessments of the success or failure of conservation programs. Additional research is needed to refine procedures for combining specific measures of stream habitat into ecologically meaningful indices. 相似文献
45.
珠江三角洲地区水体表层沉积物中多环芳烃的来源、迁移及生态风险评价 总被引:41,自引:3,他引:38
检测了珠江三角洲河流及南海近海表层沉积物中25种多环芳烃的含量.其含量范围为138-6793ng·g-1.主成分分析/多元回归分析结果表明,珠江三角洲水体沉积物中多环芳烃来源主要有石油排放,煤、木柴等低温燃烧排放,机动车尾气排放及生物成因.其相对贡献分别为石油排放占36%、煤、木柴燃烧占27%、机动车尾气占25%,自然来源占12%.珠江、东江河流沉积物中多环芳烃主要来源于区域内工业和生活废物的直接排入和机动车尾气的近距离沉降.西江沉积物中多环芳烃大气沉降是主要输入途径.南海沉积物中多环芳烃河流输入是主要途径.在多环芳烃由河流向海洋的输送过程中,茈可以作为一个有效指标示踪河流输送的多环芳烃.风险评价表明,东江及珠江部分河段沉积物可能存在着对生物的潜在危害,其它区域多环芳烃的生态风险处于较低水平. 相似文献
46.
Alessandro C de Araújo Bart Kruijt Antonio D Nobre Albertus J Dolman Maarten J Waterloo Eddy J Moors Juliana S de Souza 《Ecological applications》2008,18(6):1406-1419
Flux measurements of carbon dioxide and water vapor above tropical rain forests are often difficult to interpret because the terrain is usually complex. This complexity induces heterogeneity in the surface but also affects lateral movement of carbon dioxide (CO2) not readily detected by the eddy covariance systems. This study describes such variability using measurements of CO2 along vertical profiles and along a toposequence in a tropical rain forest near Manaus, Brazil. Seasonal and diurnal variation was recorded, with atmospheric CO2 concentration maxima around dawn, generally higher CO2 build-up in the dry season and stronger daytime CO2 drawdown in the wet season. This variation was reflected all along the toposequence, but the slope and valley bottom accumulated clearly more CO2 than the plateaus, depending on atmospheric stability. Particularly during stable nights, accumulation was along lines of equal altitude, suggesting that large amounts of CO2 are stored in the valleys of the landscape. Flushing of this store only occurs during mid-morning, when stored CO2 may well be partly transported back to the plateaus. It is clear that, for proper interpretation of tower fluxes in such complex and actively respiring terrain, the horizontal variability of storage needs to be taken into account not only during the night but also during the mornings. 相似文献
47.
Evaluating Flow Metric‐Based Stream Classification Systems to Support the Determination of Ecological Flows in North Carolina 下载免费PDF全文
Michele C. Eddy Jennifer Phelan Lauren Patterson Jessie Allen Sam Pearsall 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2017,53(1):30-41
Hydroecological classification systems are typically based on an assemblage of streamflow metrics and seek to divide streams into ecologically relevant classes. Assignment of streams to classes is suggested as an initial step in the process of establishing ecological flow standards. We used two distinct hydroecological river classification systems available within North Carolina to evaluate the ability of a hydrologic model to assign the same classes as those determined by observed streamflows and to assess the transferability of such systems to ungaged streams. Class assignments were examined by rate of overall matches, rate of class matches, spatial variability in matches, and time period used in class assignment. The findings of this study indicate assignments of stream class: (1) are inconsistent among different classification systems; (2) differ between observed and modeled data; and (3) are sensitive to the period of record within observed data. One clear source of inconsistency/sensitivity in class assignments lies with the use of threshold values for metrics that distinguish stream classes, such that even small changes in metric values can result in different class assignments. Because these two hydroecological classification systems are representative of other classification systems that rely on quantitative decision thresholds, it can be surmised that the use of such systems based on stream flow metrics is not a reliable approach for guiding ecological flow determinations. 相似文献
48.
Assessment of sampling designs to measure riverine fluxes from the Pearl River Delta, China to the South China Sea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ni HG Lu FH Luo XL Tian HY Wang JZ Guan YF Chen SJ Luo XJ Zeng EY 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,143(1-3):291-301
The Pearl River Delta (PRD), located in South China and adjacent to the South China Sea, is comprised of a complicated hydrological system; therefore, it was a great challenge to sample adequately to measure fluxes of organic and inorganic materials to the coastal ocean. In this study, several sampling designs, including five-point (the number of sampling points along the river cross-section and three samples collected at the upper, middle, and bottom parts at each vertical line), three-point (at the middle and two other profiles), one-point (at the middle profile), and single-point (upper, middle, or bottom sub-sampling point at the middle profile) methods, were assessed using total organic carbon (TOC) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) as the measurables. Statistical analysis showed that the three- and five-point designs were consistent with one another for TOC measurements (p > 0.05). The three- and one-point sampling methods also yielded similar TOC results (95% of the differences within 10%). Single-point sampling yielded considerably larger errors than the three- and one-point designs, relative to the results from the five-point design, but sampling at the middle sub-point from the middle profile of a river achieved a relatively smaller error than sampling at the upper or bottom sub-point. Comparison of the sampling frequencies of 12 times a year, four times a year, and twice a year indicated that the frequency of twice a year was sufficient to acquire representative TOC data, but larger sample size and higher sampling frequency were deemed necessary to characterize SPM. 相似文献
49.
多溴联苯醚在桂花鱼体内的分布 总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5
使用 GC-MS-NCI检测方法对持久性有机污染物多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的同系物BDE28,47,66,85,99,100,138,153,154,183,209 在桂花鱼体内的含量及分布进行了研究.结果表明,Σ10 PBDEs(不包括BDE209)在肾脏中含量最高,肌肉中含量最低,其干重平均值分别为5.71 ng·g-1 和0.95 ng·g-1.Σ10 PBDEs在肾脏、鱼鳔、肝脏、鱼鳃、生殖腺、鱼皮、肠胃和肌肉中的干重含量分别为3.04~12.8、0.81~6.90、1.28~8.87、0.09~6.36、1.05~5.73、0.022~5.06、0.69~5.98和0.14~2.61 ng·g-1.Σ10 PBDEs在各组织和器官的含量顺序为: 肾脏、鱼鳔、肝脏> 鱼鳃、生殖腺> 肠胃、肌肉、鱼皮.桂花鱼体所含低溴取代 PBDEs 以 BDE47 为主要同系物,所占丰度为35.7%~65.6%.十溴取代物 BDE209 在所有样品中检出率为 45.2%,其中在肾脏和生殖腺中含量较高.研究表明,PBDEs 由摄食、呼吸2种主要途径进入桂花鱼体内,易富集在肝脏、鱼鳔、鱼鳃等脂肪含量较高的组织和器官中. 相似文献
50.
Andrew Simon Natasha Pollen‐Bankhead Virginia Mahacek Eddy Langendoen 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(1):170-186
Abstract: Streambank erosion by mass‐failure processes represents an important form of channel adjustment and a significant source of sediment in disturbed streams. Mass failures regularly occur by a combination of hydraulic processes that undercut bank toes and geotechnical processes that cause bank collapse by gravity. Little if any quantitative information is available on the effectiveness of bank treatments on reducing erosion. To evaluate potential reduction in sediment loadings emanating from streambanks, the hydraulic and geotechnical processes responsible for mass failure were simulated under existing and mitigated conditions using a Bank‐Stability and Toe‐Erosion Model (BSTEM). Two critical erosion sites were selected from each of the three watersheds known to contribute the greatest amounts of fine sediment by streambank processes in the Lake Tahoe Basin. A typical high‐flow annual hydrograph was selected for analysis. Bank‐material strength data were collected for each layer as were species‐specific root‐reinforcement values. The effects of the first flow event on bank‐toe erosion were simulated using an excess shear‐stress approach. The resulting geometry was then exported into the bank‐stability submodel to test for the relative stability of the bank under peak flow and drawdown conditions. In this way, BSTEM was used iteratively for all flow events for both existing and mitigated conditions. On average, 13.6% of the material was eroded by hydraulic shear, the remainder by mass failures, which occurred about five times over the simulation period. Simulations with 1.0 m‐high rock‐toe protection showed a dramatic reduction in streambank erosion (69‐100%). Failure frequency for the simulation period was reduced in most cases to a single episode. Thus, an almost 90% reduction in streambank loadings was achieved by virtually eliminating the erosion of only 14% of the material that was entrained by hydraulic forces. Consequently, simulations show average load reductions of about an order of magnitude. Results stress the critical importance of protecting the bank toe‐region from steepening by hydraulic forces that would otherwise entrain previously failed and in situ bank materials, thereby allowing the upper bank to flatten (by failure) to a stable slope. 相似文献