太湖西部入湖口沉积物中有机物分布及其潜在指示意义

太湖作为重要的工农业用水水源以及周边居民饮用水源,其水质安全受到高度关注。在太湖西部入湖口采集7个沉积物样品,研究了合成麝香、多环芳烃(PAHs)、有机磷酸酯阻燃剂/增塑剂(OPs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)含量水平和分布规律。研究结果表明,沉积物中多种污染物分布广泛,含量水平差异较大。其中,Σ15PAHs含量371 ng·g~(-1)~2.53$103ng·g~(-1),主要来源于生物质燃烧和化石燃料高温裂解;沉积物中检出4种多环麝香,主要组分为佳乐麝香(HHCB)(0.0792 ng·g~(-1)~1.17 ng·g~(-1))和吐纳麝香(AHTN)(0.123 ng·g~(-1)~1.29 ng·g~(-1)),它们指示了太湖水体已遭受一定程度生活污水输入影响;沉积物中Σ6OPs含量范围为1.63 ng·g~(-1)~21.9 ng·g~(-1),主要污染组分为磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯(TCPP)和磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP),并呈现明显的点源排放特征;沉积物中六六六系列(HCHs)(0.310 ng·g~(-1)~1.11 ng·g~(-1))和滴滴涕系列(DDTs)(0.551 ng·g~(-1)~6.40 ng·g~(-1))主要来源于历史残留。位于太滆流域的几个入湖口沉积物中多种污染物含量多高于浙江省辖区3个入湖口沉积物。     

Enhanced degradation of trichloroethene by calcium peroxide activated with Fe(III) in the presence of citric acid

Trichloroethene (TCE) degradation by Fe(III)-activated calcium peroxide (CP) in the presence of citric acid (CA) in aqueous solution was investigated. The results demonstrated that the presence of CA enhanced TCE degradation significantly by increasing the concentration of soluble Fe(III) and promoting H₂O₂ generation. The generation of HO? and O₂^-? in both the CP/Fe(III) and CP/Fe(III)/CA systems was confirmed with chemical probes. The results of radical scavenging tests showed that TCE degradation was due predominantly to direct oxidation by HO?, while O₂^-? strengthened the generation of HO? by promoting Fe(III) transformation in the CP/Fe(III)/CA system. Acidic pH conditions were favorable for TCE degradation, and the TCE degradation rate decreased with increasing pH. The presence of Cl^-, HCO₃^-, and humic acid (HA) inhibited TCE degradation to different extents for the CP/Fe(III)/CA system. Analysis of Cl^- production suggested that TCE degradation in the CP/Fe(III)/CA system occurred through a dechlorination process. In summary, this study provided detailed information for the application of CA-enhanced Fe(III)-activated calcium peroxide for treating TCE contaminated groundwater.     

醋酸铅对大鼠胰岛瘤细胞INS-1自噬与凋亡的影响

为了研究环境中常见重金属污染物铅对大鼠胰岛瘤细胞INS-1自噬与凋亡的影响及其可能的分子机制,使用不同浓度醋酸铅暴露大鼠胰岛瘤细胞INS-1,利用磺酰罗丹明B(sulforhodamine B,SRB)法检测细胞存活率;Western blot法检测不同浓度醋酸铅对细胞中自噬与凋亡标志蛋白及哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)信号通路标志分子表达的影响;利用活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)试剂盒检测细胞内ROS水平;用ROS清除剂N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine,NAC)预处理细胞,检测醋酸铅引起的细胞自噬与凋亡是否受到影响。使用统计学软件SPSS 17.0对数据进行统计学分析后,与对照组相比,醋酸铅导致INS-1细胞的存活率下降(p0.05),且呈时间-剂量依赖性;随醋酸铅浓度增大,自噬和凋亡标志蛋白表达增加,mTOR信号途径标志分子没有明显变化;NAC预处理后醋酸铅引起的细胞自噬和凋亡减少。实验结果表明,醋酸铅可通过mTOR-非依赖途径诱导INS-1细胞的自噬与凋亡,其可能机制为刺激细胞内ROS的产生。     

异噻唑啉酮类杀菌剂对黑斑蛙胚胎和蝌蚪的急性毒性

异噻唑啉酮类杀菌剂1,2-苯并异噻唑-3-酮(BIT)和甲基异噻唑啉酮(MIT)虽已在多种行业中广泛使用,但目前有关其毒性尤其对水体中生物毒性的数据还较少。鉴于BIT和MIT在水体中普遍存在,本文研究了这两种污染物对两栖动物黑斑蛙胚胎和蝌蚪的急性毒性。黑斑蛙胚胎和蝌蚪分别暴露系列浓度的BIT和MIT,观察化学品对其生长、发育和运动的影响,计算96小时半数致死浓度(96 h-LC50)和96小时半数致畸浓度(96 h-TC50),确定最小生长抑制浓度(MCIG)。结果发现,BIT对黑斑蛙胚胎的96 h-LC50和96 h-TC50分别为2.99 mg·L-1和0.60 mg·L-1,MCIG小于0.40 mg·L-1,对蝌蚪的96 h-LC50为6.44 mg·L-1。MIT对黑斑蛙胚胎的96 h-LC50和96 h-TC50分别为5.30 mg·L-1和2.36 mg·L-1,MCIG为2.59 mg·L-1,对蝌蚪的96 h-LC50为7.58 mg·L-1。根据《化学农药环境安全评价准则报批稿》中两栖动物蝌蚪急性毒性的分级标准,判定BIT和MIT的毒性等级为中等。该毒性数据可为异噻唑啉酮类杀菌剂的环境管理提供参考。     

低浓度废水厌氧处理中不同动力学模型对比研究

采用厌氧颗粒污泥处理低浓度废水来启动实验规模的沼气提升厌氧反应器,以啤酒废水为例,厌氧反应器在温度(35±1)℃和进水COD浓度在2100~2400mg/L条件下,通过提高进水量方式,来缩短水力停留时间HRT和提高有机负荷OLR.用First-order、Monod and Contois、Grau second-order和Modified Stover–Kincannon动力学模型,考察在不同的HRT和进水浓度Si条件下,出水浓度Se与前两者的关系,确定动力学参数.实验结果表明:First-order和Monod and Contois模型不适用本实验,Grau second-order和Modified Stover–Kincannon模型适用,通过后两个模型公式分别比较实验值Se与计算值Se的差别,Grau second-order模型比Modified Stover–Kincannon模型更接近实验值.     

The effectiveness of incentives in protected area management: An empirical analysis

Incentive approaches are believed to be indispensable for effective conservation and successful management in protected areas. However, the actual effectiveness of these approaches is still debatable. We carried out a case study in Wolong Biosphere Reserve (WBR), the largest reserve for the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), to evaluate the effectiveness of incentives. We obtained data from government documents and statistics, interviews and surveys on the employment status of public sector and industries. Results indicated that government-paid community-based conservation projects provided the most widespread and direct economic incentives. The conservation sector and several industries including hotels, hydropower and tourism have directly raised the employment level of local communities. The hotel industry, driven by the development of tourism, has been the most effective means of increasing local employment. However, the problem of immigrants attracted by the improved economic situation in WBR should be considered in the management plans. Suggestions for WBR management include development of quality ecotourism, vocational education for local young adults and new policies encouraging employment of local labour, both in the reserve and outside. Lessons learned from this research are constructive for the management of other protected areas.     

Rain forest dwellers' livelihoods: income generation,household wealth and NTFP sales,a case study from Xishuangbanna,SW China

Through annual in-depth household questionnaire interviews of 60% of households in Daka and Baka villages from 1998 to 2004, we explored wealth-related differences and similarities in the sale of NTFPs of tropical rain forest fringe dwellers in Xishuangbanna, SW China. Contribution of different NTFPs to cash income and different seasonal access to NTFPs between Baka and Daka were analysed. There were significant differences in income and role of NTFPs per household between Baka and Daka related to different access to: NTFPs in forests, labour and market sales in different seasons. In Baka, the ranking of NTFP income was: fungi, wild vegetables, bamboo shoot in 2000 and 2001. Differences in gender and generational involvement in NTFP sales was also examined. For example, households without a son, as well as those with a female householder depended more on income from NTFPs and less on income from rubber than other households. Resource use patterns between relatively wealthy and poor households were also analysed. Wealthy households sold 2.50 ± 0.50 types while poor households sold 2.08 ± 0.26 NTFPs. The Gini coefficient of gross income per household for Baka in recent years was 0.393, increasing to 0.414 without NTFPs. The Gini coefficient of gross income for Daka in recent years was 0.291, increasing to 0.292 without NTFPs, showing the different role of NTFPs in mitigating wealth inequality in the two villages.     

Integrated effects of slope aspect and land use on soil nutrients in a small catchment in a hilly loess area,China

This study addressed the integrated effect of slope aspect and land use on soil nutrients in a loess hilly catchment in the western Loess Plateau of China. Soil samples were collected from five land-use types: wasteland, cropland, woodland, shrubland and abandoned cropland, at two depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm) in the middle slope position of both north-facing and south-facing slopes. Soil nutrient changes and the relationships between soil nutrients and slope aspect were investigated, based on statistical analysis and expert knowledge. Soil organic matter, total N, total P, nitrate nitrogen and available K of the 0–20 cm soil layer differed significantly between land uses and slope aspects. Soil nutrients in the north-facing slope were better than in the south-facing slope. Revegetation has an enrichment effect, especially on soil organic matter, total N, total P, nitrate nitrogen and available K. Planting of trees, shrubs and grasses could improve soil fertility and favours a policy of revegetation and sustainable land use in the hilly loess area of China. Conversion of slope farmlands into more sustainable land uses, such as shrubland or grassland is a cost-efficient way to achieve soil conservation and ecological restoration. Terracing and the use of agro-techniques for soil conservation, such as furrow-ridging tillage and leaving crop residues on fields, can increase the input of C to soils. Growing crops in rotation with alfalfa and beans could be a promising choice for the sustainability of agriculture and the environment.     

低温弱光条件下毒死蜱对黄瓜的毒性效应及油菜素内酯的调控作用

农药在使用中可能对农作物产生药害作用,而在低温弱光的亚适宜条件下,设施作物对农药暴露的应激响应可能具有特殊性。同时,作为一种新型植物激素,油菜素内酯在亚适宜条件下是否能够缓解农药的药害作用的研究有限。以典型的设施作物黄瓜为受试生物,通过人工气候箱模拟低温弱光的亚适宜条件,在毒死蜱(浓度分别为0.3和1mmol·L-1)暴露1、3和7d后,以实时荧光定量PCR对黄瓜叶片中光合作用基因(psaB、psbA和rbcL)、抗氧化系统相关基因(cAPX、DHAR、GR、CAT和GPX)、防御和应激相关基因(PAL、HPL、ADC和HSP70)的转录水平进行检测,阐明其毒性效应。并对比24-表油菜素内酯的预处理组,探讨油菜素内酯如何调控作物对农药胁迫的响应。结果表明,在低温弱光条件下,毒死蜱暴露抑制了黄瓜叶片中上述大部分基因的转录,而24-表油菜素内酯预处理后其转录水平显著上升,表明24-表油菜素内酯可有效且持续地缓解毒死蜱的药害效应。