Design and demonstration of a next-generation air quality attainment assessment system for PM2.5 and O3

Due to the increasingly stringent standards, it is important to assess whether the proposed emission reduction will result in ambient concentrations that meet the standards. The Software for Model Attainment Test—Community Edition (SMAT-CE) is developed for demonstrating attainment of air quality standards of O₃ and PM_2.5. SMAT-CE improves computational efficiency and provides a number of advanced visualization and analytical functionalities on an integrated GIS platform. SMAT-CE incorporates historical measurements of air quality parameters and simulated air pollutant concentrations under a number of emission inventory scenarios to project the level of compliance to air quality standards in a targeted future year. An application case study of the software based on the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) shows that SMAT-CE is capable of demonstrating the air quality attainment of annual PM_2.5 and 8-hour O₃ for a proposed emission control policy.     

Speciation and bioaccessibility of lead and cadmium in soil treated with metal-enriched Indian mustard leaves

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) has shown good potential for the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals. However, there is little information about the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in soil during the decomposition of metal-rich Indian mustard leaves. Incubation experiments (1-, 3-, and 6-month) were carried out in Beijing and Hunan soil with metal-rich Indian mustard leaves addition (1% and 3%) and the e ects of mustard leaves addition on the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals were studied. The results showed that the addition of mustard leaves led to significant increases in pH and DOC in the Hunan soil. Both 1% and 3% of mustard leaf amendment caused the percentage of the exchangeable (F1), precipitated with carbonates (F2), bound to Fe/Mn oxides (F3) and bound to organic matter (F4) fractions of Pb and Cd to increase dramatically, while the percentage of the residual fraction (F5) of Cd and Pb significantly dropped in both Beijing and Hunan soils. Mustard leaf addition caused the bioaccessibility of Pb to decrease in the gastric phase, whereas the values increased in the small intestinal phase. The Cd bioaccessibility increased with mustard leaf addition in both the gastric and small intestinal phases. In conclusion, the metal-enriched mustard leaves addition induces Pb and Cd concentrations and their mobility increasing in the Beijing and Hunan soils. Therefore, heavy metal risk in metal-enriched plant leaves should be considered in phytoremediation system in which heavy metal might be brought back to soil and changed over time.     

活性艳蓝X-BR染料废水电化学脱色及其机理研究

采用电凝聚技术,对活性艳蓝X-BR模拟染料废水的电凝聚脱色过程进行研究,考察各种参数对脱色效果的影响,并对其脱色机理进行了初步分析.研究表明:采用电凝聚方法可以使活性艳蓝X-BR模拟染料废水的色度得到有效去除;处理时间、电解电压、废水初始浓度、初始pH值、搅拌强度、添加电解质浓度、极板间距等参数均对处理效果有影响,在最...     

冰醋酸-过氧化氢氧化法脱除煤中有机硫的研究

在用多种氧化剂对煤炭脱硫效果进行比较研究的基础上，筛选出脱硫效果最好的冰醋酸与过氧化氢混合物氧化剂，采用单因子法考察了氧化剂种类，煤与氧化剂的配比，氧化反应温度，反应时间，煤的粒度，冰醋酸与过氧化氢的配比对脱硫率的影响。优选出了冰醋酸与过氧化氢氧化法脱除原煤中有机硫的最佳工艺条件为；冰醋酸与过氧化氢的体积比为1：1，反应温度为104℃，反应时间为1h，煤与氧化剂的配比为3g:50mL，煤的粒度为粒径小等于0.23mm，在最佳条件下，原煤脱硫率可达到60.8%。     

高浓度酚降解菌的选育及其降酚性能

以苯酚为唯一碳源,对活性污泥进行筛选及驯化,得到能降解高酚浓度的优势降酚菌.该混合菌在15h内将1700mg/L浓度的酚完全降解,同时使COD降至102.9mg/L,降解率达到96.9%.经分离纯化,得到4种不同的单一菌株,并对各菌株的菌属进行了初步鉴定.同时,还考察了初始酚浓度、菌投加量、温度、pH等因素对降酚菌降解COD和酚的影响.混合菌的降酚效果要优于所分离出的4种单菌株.     

阿维菌素在稻田水、土壤及稻米中的残留研究

采用田间试验方法,应用HPLC法测定了阿维菌素在水稻水、土壤及稻米中的残留。结果表明：阿维菌素在稻田水、土壤及稻米中的平均添加回收率分别在85.51%～87.98%、78.57%～83.09%、82.74%～86.80%之间。阿维菌素的最小检出量为4.824×10^-10g,水、土壤、稻米中阿维菌素的最低检测浓度分别为0.001 mg/kg、0.014 mg/kg、0.01 mg/kg。该药属易分解农药（T1/2〈30 d）,按推荐使用剂量使用时收获的稻米是安全的。     

初温和终温对废轮胎热解产物分布影响

以热重分析和固定床热解实验为基础,研究初温和终温对废轮胎热解产率及气相产物特性影响。实验结果表明:废轮胎的热解过程存在两个主要失重过程,第一失重温度区间为200～500℃,第二失重温度区间为650～800℃;升温速率仅改变了热解的最大失重速率,并未改变废轮胎最终热解失重率。固定床实验表明:初始温度低于100℃时,废轮胎在800℃时热解已基本结束;当终温为800℃,初始温度在100～550℃范围内时,随着初始温度的提高,固、气两相产物产率均提高,而液相产物产率降低;其中气相中H2、CO、CH4的含量高于初始温度小于100℃时的含量;分析认为:可通过调节热解的初始温度调节废轮胎热解在不同热解阶段的时间分配,适当提高热解初始温度有利于提高整个热解过程中的时间利用效率、改变废轮胎热解产物的分布;废轮胎热解气化的最佳温度区间为500～800℃。     

城市景观娱乐水体微生物风险评价

随着城市居民亲水娱乐活动日益增加,开展景观娱乐水体微生物风险评价,并以此为基础开展有效的风险管理,对于人口密集的城市区域尤为重要.以我国南方某城市3个典型景观娱乐水体为案例,采用定量微生物风险评价的方法框架,综合运用水质监测、社会调查、文献调研等方法开展暴露评价,并由此开展基于粪大肠菌(FC)、大肠埃希氏菌(EC)和肠球菌(ENT)的多微生物指标人体健康风险评价.结果表明,基于FC、EC和ENT的多指标微生物风险评价结果具有一定的一致性和可比性;位于城市居住区的B河段不宜作为人体直接或非直接接触的娱乐水体,其对公众健康的风险主要来源于用作家庭杂用水;位于城市公共开放空间的C河段和风景旅游区的E湖可以满足现有的景观娱乐功能要求,其对公众健康的风险主要来源于各种休闲娱乐活动;应重视与城市景观娱乐水体功能不匹配的无序利用(如作为家庭杂用水)对公众健康的风险.     

塔玛亚历山大藻对文蛤呼吸和排泄的影响

水温20℃下,设置(0、0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0) ×103/mL六个藻类浓度组,以静水方法研究了塔玛亚历山大藻对文蛤呼吸和排泄的影响.结果表明:当塔玛亚历山大藻浓度为1.0 ×103/mL时,文蛤的耗氧率和排磷率最大,其最大值分别为2.76 ×10-3 /h和0.339 μmol/(g·h);其排氨率在藻浓度为0.5 ×103 /mL时达到最大值5.71 μmol/(g·h).耗氧率与排氨率的比值(O/N)显示在较低塔玛亚历山大藻浓度(≤0.5 ×103 /mL)时,文蛤由蛋白质和脂肪提供机体能量,较高藻浓度(≥1.0 ×103 /mL)时则由脂肪和碳水化合物提供机体代谢所需能量.     

Sustainability evaluation of the Grain for Green Project: from local people's responses to ecological effectiveness in Wolong Nature Reserve

This article examines the sustainability of the Grain for Green Project in the Wolong Nature Reserve. Pertinent data were collected through a questionnaire survey and a spatial analysis of reforested lands. The study results identified four critical issues that may influence the sustainability of the project in the study area. The first issue is concerned with the project’s impacts on local sustenance. Because local grain consumption depends greatly on compensation awarded by the project, the potential for sustainability of the project is compromised. The second issue is that the project causes negative effects on local incomes in the Wolong Nature Reserve, which may undermine local economic prospects. The third issue is that the project failed to deliver suitable habitat for the giant panda, although two of the suitability requirements that deal with landform features were met. Lastly, the project neglects great differences among geographical areas in the country, providing the same compensation and length of compensation period to all participants. Appropriate compensation mechanisms should be established and adapted to local economic, environmental, and social conditions. In managing nature reserves and moving toward sustainability, ensuring all aspects of local socioeconomic and ecological/environmental issues are properly addressed is a real challenge. Based on our study, some recommendations for improving sustainability of the project are given.