异噻唑啉酮类杀菌剂对黑斑蛙胚胎和蝌蚪的急性毒性

异噻唑啉酮类杀菌剂1,2-苯并异噻唑-3-酮（BIT）和甲基异噻唑啉酮（MIT）虽已在多种行业中广泛使用,但目前有关其毒性尤其对水体中生物毒性的数据还较少。鉴于BIT和 MIT在水体中普遍存在,本文研究了这两种污染物对两栖动物黑斑蛙胚胎和蝌蚪的急性毒性。黑斑蛙胚胎和蝌蚪分别暴露系列浓度的BIT和 MIT,观察化学品对其生长、发育和运动的影响,计算96小时半数致死浓度（96 h-LC₅₀）和96小时半数致畸浓度（96 h-TC₅₀）,确定最小生长抑制浓度（MCIG）。结果发现,BIT对黑斑蛙胚胎的96 h-LC₅₀和96 h-TC₅₀分别为2.99 mg?L^-1和0.60 mg?L^-1,MCIG小于0.40 mg?L^-1,对蝌蚪的96 h-LC₅₀为6.44 mg?L^-1。MIT对黑斑蛙胚胎的96 h-LC₅₀和96 h-TC₅₀分别为5.30 mg?L^-1和2.36 mg?L^-1,MCIG为2.59 mg?L^-1,对蝌蚪的96 h-LC₅₀为7.58 mg?L^-1。根据《化学农药环境安全评价准则报批稿》中两栖动物蝌蚪急性毒性的分级标准,判定BIT和MIT的毒性等级为中等。该毒性数据为异噻唑啉酮类杀菌剂的环境管理提供参考。     

7种农药对管氏肿腿蜂的毒性及初级风险评价

为评估农药对寄生类自然天敌昆虫的安全性,选择管氏肿腿蜂(Scleroderma guani Xiao et Wu)作为受试生物,采用管测药膜法测定了3种杀虫剂、2种除草剂、2种杀菌剂对其致死效应,并根据田间推荐剂量计算暴露量,采用风险商值HQ对杀虫剂进行风险评估。结果显示,与空白对照比较,3种杀虫剂均具明显毒性作用,其中丁硫克百威、吡虫啉和呋虫胺对管氏肿腿蜂的24 h半致死量(24 h-LR50)分别为5.11、2.92和0.06 g a.i.·ha-1,农田内风险商值分别为60.23、16.64和3 105。除草剂和杀菌剂在3倍最大田间推荐剂量作用下,24 h管氏肿腿蜂死亡率均小于50%。上述结果表明,在田间推荐用量下,3种杀虫剂对管氏肿腿蜂的初级风险评价为存在高风险,建议进一步开展高级阶段风险评估或者采取合理的风险管理措施来降低风险;除草剂和杀菌剂对管氏肿腿蜂的风险可接受。     

新疆玛纳斯河流域农业水资源可利用潜力分析

结合新疆玛纳斯河流域水文水资源、种植结构和节水技术发展等资料,从开源、节流两方面对流域近期(至2010年)、中远期(2010-2030年)农业水资源极限潜力、可挖掘潜力进行了估算。结果表明,就目前水资源的利用水平和开发趋势,玛纳斯河流域未来农业水资源的主要利用途径是开源与节流相结合,以节流为主。全流域尚有的农业灌溉水资源极限潜力为10.75×10⁸m³,近期农业水资源可挖掘潜力为2.13×10⁸m³,其中开源增水潜力0.40×10⁸m³,占18.8%,节流增水潜力1.73×10⁸m³,占81.2%;中远期农业水资源可挖掘潜力5.33×10⁸m³,其中开源增水潜力1.12×10⁸m³,占21.0%,节流增水潜力4.21×10⁸m³,占79.0%。该研究对区域制订节水灌溉规划及水资源系统优化配置具有重要参考价值。     

半导体行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特征研究

采用工艺调查与现场监测相结合的方法,研究了半导体行业废气排放中VOCs的种类和排放水平.结果表明,共检测出26种有机物,其中以异丙醇排放量最大.采用排放系数法估算了该行业VOCs2004年的排放量和2010年的预期排放量,并提出了加强和完善排放标准控制以及清洁生产等控制措施的建议.     

水量衡算条件下人工湿地对有机物的去除研究

构建了芦苇和无植物2种人工湿地，在系统水量衡算的基础上比较了2种湿地对生活污水中有机物的去除效果。结果证明，在植物收割后的冬季，芦苇湿地对有机物的去除率低于无植物湿地系统约2％；在其他季节，芦苇湿地对污水CODcr的去除率比无植物湿地高出3.3％-5％。但对BOD5的去除率却比无植物湿地低了1.9％-2.7％。因此，芦苇湿地对有机物的去除效果比无植物湿地高，但提高不多。比较了2种系统的氧化还原电位，芦苇湿地比无植物湿地的高（P〈0.05），这种提高主要集中在湿地水面以下约10cm的深度；从整个湿地床体来看。2块连续运行的潜流水平湿地内部氧化还原状态大部分相同。主要是厌氧状态。比较了2种人工湿地基质中降解有机物的细菌，放线菌和真菌的数量，二者没有明显的差别。考察了湿地进水有机负荷与去除量的关系，二者呈现显著的线性相关性（R^2〉0.99）。     

人工湿地中沸石对铵吸附能力的生物再生研究

利用铵吸附饱和的天然斜发沸石和沙质土壤作为基质,构建了沸石柱和芦苇、菖蒲沸石人工湿地试验系统,采用曝气供氧、自然复氧、植物根系输氧以及培养系统中基质上硝化菌群的方法,研究了铵吸附饱和的沸石在沸石柱和湿地中的生物再生过程。结果显示,沸石在湿地中再生过程符合指数模拟,在试验周期内沸石在沸石柱中再生可以用指数和线性模拟。沸石在湿地系统和沸石柱中经过1个月的再生,交换容量分别恢复到原来的60.3%～62.6%和11.8%,3个月后分别恢复到原来的94.6%～94.8%和38.4%。试验证明,沸石在湿地中再生比在沸石柱中再生效果好,交换容量恢复率高出50%～63%。根据试验结果,探讨了铵吸附饱和的沸石在人工湿地中的生物再生机理,证明了饱和沸石在湿地中生物再生的可行性。     

富拉尔基区城市垃圾产业化、无害化处理途径的思考

城市垃圾污染问题不容忽视,危害巨大,加强城市垃圾分类,如何进行资源化、产业化、无害化处理是一项利国利民的大事。     

Sensitivity of isolated eggs of pond snails: a new method for toxicity assays and risk assessment

The concentration of heavy metals in the environment is normally low. We here address whether using the development of isolated pond snail Radix auricularia eggs would provide a more sensitive endpoint and whether the gelatinous matrix of the egg mass surrounding the eggs indeed protects the snail embryos. In the present study, artificial removal of the gelatinous matrix of egg masses greatly increased the sensitivity of developing eggs to a heavy metal (cadmium). The sensitivity of isolated eggs to cadmium was determined using several convenient endpoints, including mortality, hatching rate, and heart rate, with an acute toxicity test and a subchronic test. In the acute toxicity test, a 96-h LC₅₀ value of 58.26 μg/L cadmium was determined. In the subchronic toxicity test, sublethal effects in terms of a significant reduction in hatching rate could be found in the 25-μg/L treatment, and a significant decrease of heart rate was observed in both treatments (5 and 25 μg/L). The high sensitivity of isolated eggs indicates that such tests can be efficient for toxicity assays and risk assessment, although one needs to keep in mind that the ecologically relevant measure of toxicity will be how eggs are affected when they are still inside the egg mass.     

大蒜加工废水的活性污泥培养驯化研究

试验选用生活污水处理厂、化肥厂、友谊河的活性污泥作为菌种进行培养实验,培养过程中,考查温度、营养物质的添加等因素对污泥培养的影响,结果证明,大蒜废水本身有机物和其他无机物之间的比例还是比较协调的,营养物质米泔水的添加对大蒜加工废水COD的降解帮助不大.然而,温度对大蒜加工废水活性污泥的培育影响显著,从整体上看,随着温度的升高,COD去除率也增加.实验还显示经过培养,当水温为15℃时,系统的沉降性能变差,出水未沉降絮体增多,并出现污泥膨胀现象,综合考虑,确定25℃为最佳培养温度.     

Interactions between lead(II) ions and dissolved organic matter derived from organic fertilizers incubated in the field

This work was to study composition characteristics and the subsequent effect on the lead (Pb) binding properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from seaweed-based (SWOF) and chicken manure organic fertilizers (CMOF) during a one-year field incubation experiment using the excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor (EEM-PARAFAC) and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) analysis. Results showed that high aromatic and hydrophobic fluorescent substances were enriched in CMOF-derived DOM and SWOF-derived DOM and enhanced over time. And phenolic groups in the fulvic-like substances for SWOF-derived DOM and carboxyl groups in the humic-like substances for CMOF-derived DOM had the fastest responses over time, respectively. Moreover, both non-fluorescent polysaccharides and fluorescent humic-like substances or fulvic-like substances with aromatic (C=C) groups first participated in the binding process of Pb to SWOF-derived DOM on day 0 and 180 during the lead binding process. In contrast, humic-like substances associated with aromatic (C=C) and phenolic groups gave a faster response to Pb binding on day 360. Regarding CMOF-derived DOM, the fulvic-like substances associated with aromatic (C=C) and carboxylic groups displayed a faster response to Pb ions on day 0. Nonetheless, polysaccharides and humic-like associated with phenolic groups had a faster response on days 180 and 360. It is noteworthy that the polysaccharides, which participated in Pb binding to CMOF-derived DOM, posed a higher risk of Pb in the environment after 360 days. Therefore, these findings gave new insights into the long-term applications of commercial organic fertilizers for the amendment of soil.